Organic 2 new Flashcards
carbonyl compounds
aldehydes and ketones
C=O functional group
aldehyde suffix
al
C=O at end
Ketones suffix
C=O middle
one
functional group aldehyde
-CHO
functional group ketone
-CO
naming aldehydes
count from C=O (end)
naming ketones
shortest bit with C=O
e.g. Pentan-2- one
oxidation of aldehydes
to carboxylic acids
oxidation of aldehydes regents and conditions
refluxed with acidified dichromate (VI) ions
K2Cr2O7/ H2SO4
oxidation of aldehydes equation of butanal
Oxidation of ketones
dont undergo oxidisation reactions
why cant you oxidise ketones
lack of reactivity
can be used to distinguish between ketones and aldehydes
nature of double bond in carbonyl compounds
is polar
Oxygen more electronegative than carbon
electron density lies closer to oxygen atom
carbon end slightly positive
therefore can react with nucleophile
Reduction of aldehydes
to primary alcohols
reduction of aldehydes regents
NaBH4/ H20
reduction of aldehyde equation
reduction of ketone
to secondary alcohol
reduction of ketones regents and conditions
by NaBH4/ H20
equation of reduction of ketones
hydrogen cyanide
HCN - added across the C=O bond of aldehydes and ketones
colourless, extremely poisonous liquid, boils slightly above room temp
Aldehyde added with HCN
forms hydroxynitrile
reaction of propane to hydroxynitrile equation
why use HCN
shows a means of increasing the length of the carbon chain
hydroxynitriles
C triple bond N
and -OH hydroxyl group
aldehydes and ketones to alcohols
