organic

Question 1

functional group priority

Answer 1

CARs Eat PRIMARY AMateurs in the BUT(aldehyde) so KEep SOBER(alcohol) AMINE
Carboxylic acid
ester
primary amide
aldehyde (formyl-)
ketone (oxo)
alcohol (hydroxy-)
amine (amino-)
alkene, alkyne, alkane
haloalkane

Question 2

4-ethyl-2-methylhexanoic acid or 2-methyl-4-ethylhexanoic acid

Answer 2

4-ethyl-2-methylhexanoic acid because when branches have the same functional group -> name in alphabetical order

Question 3

important thing to remember when naming alkenes with 2 double bonds

Answer 3

root name a - position of double bonds - diene
eg buta-1,2-diene

Question 4

do longer or shorter bond length require more energy to break

Answer 4

shorter bc bond is more stable and atoms held closer together tf require more nrg to break

eg C-H bond is stronger than C-Br because longer bond tf for energy

Question 5

how to name alcohol with 2 hydroxyl groups

Answer 5

root prefix-position of OH- diol

Question 6

alkane -> haloalkane

Answer 6

alkane + halogen -(UV light)-> haloalkane (+ H halide)

substitution

halo -> light -> UV

Question 7

haloalkane -> alcohol

Answer 7

haloalkane -(strong base [OH])-> alcohol

substitution

alcohol -> need OH-

Question 8

haloalkane -> amine

Answer 8

haloalkane -(NH3 and ethanol)-> amine + H halide

substitution

amine tf need ammonia + counter halo w ethanol

Question 9

primary alcohol oxidation

Answer 9

alcohol -> aldehyde -> carboxylic acid
need MnO4-(aq)/H+(aq)
or Cr2O72-(aq)/H+(aq)

oxidation

dont forget the (aq) states

Question 10

secondary alcohol oxidation

Answer 10

2ndary alcohol -(H+ and MnO4- or Cr2O72-)-> ketone

oxidation

Question 11

alcohol -> ester

Answer 11

alcohol + carboxylic acid <-(concentrated H2SO4)-> ester + H2O

condensation/ esterification + reversible arrow

can occur in the reverse reaction = hydrolysis

Question 12

alkene -> alkane

Answer 12

alkene + H2 -(Ni catalyst + 150C)-> alkane

addition

alkene = nickle + 150

Question 13

alkene -> haloalkane

Answer 13

alkene + H halide-> (SCL) haloalkane

addition

Question 14

alkene + halide

Answer 14

-> (SCL) dihaloalkane

addition

Question 15

alkene -> alcohol

Answer 15

alkene + H2O (g) -(H3PO4 + 300C)-> alcohol

addition

Question 16

structural isomers

Answer 16

isomers that have the same molecular formula but the atoms are arranged in different orders:
chain (affect BP)
positional (affect polarity and compactness)
functional (significantly distinct properties)

Question 17

stereoisomers

Answer 17

isomers with the same order of atoms but different spatial orientations:
cis/trans isomers (geometric)
enantiomers (optical)

Question 18

isomers

Answer 18

molecules with the same molecular formula but different structures

Question 19

cis-trans isomers chemical and physical properties

Answer 19

BP: cis contains polar bond tf overall molecule is polar w/a in trans, individual dipoles cancel out tf molecule is non polar tf cis has higher BP
MP: in solid state, trans isomers can pack closer together vs cis tf intermolecular forces = more effective tf trans has a higher MP

Question 20

requirements for geometric isomer

Answer 20

1) rotation must be resticted (C=C or ring formation
2) 2 non-identical atoms/groups on each doubly bonded carbon

Question 21

enantiomers/optical isomers

Answer 21

non-superimposable mirror images containg an asymmetrical carbon atom. These molecules = chiral and rotate plane polarised light in difficult directions

Question 22

Name:
CH2CHCHCH2

Answer 22

buta-1,3-diene

Question 23

Name:
CH3CH(OH)CH(OH)CH3

Answer 23

butan-2,3-diol

Question 24

Name:
CH3(CH2)3COCHO

Answer 24

2-oxohexanal

Question 25

condensation reaction -> amide

Answer 25

carboxylic acid + amine <-> amide + water

eg buatanoic acid + propan-1-amine -> propyl butanoate + water

Question 26

what makes something a weak acid

Answer 26

doesn’t fully ionise in water