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Organic Flashcards

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1
Q

Def empirical formula

A

Simplest whole number ratio

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2
Q

Def molecular formula

A

The actual number of atoms in a molecule

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3
Q

Def structural formula

A

Shows the atoms in a compound without showing bonds

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4
Q

Suffix for no double bonds

A

-ane

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5
Q

Suffix for at least 1 double bond

A

-ene

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6
Q

Suffix for an alcohol

A

-ol

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7
Q

Suffix for aldehyde

A

-al

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8
Q

Suffix for a ketone

A

-one

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9
Q

Suffix for carboxylic acid

A

-oic acid

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10
Q

Def structural isomerism

A

When molecules have the same molecular formula but different structural formula

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11
Q

Def positional isomer

A

Functional group changes place

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12
Q

Def functional group isomers

A

When the function group changes

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13
Q

Def chain isomer

A

When the carbon chain length changes

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14
Q

E-isomers, the same side or different?

A

Different

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15
Q

Z-isomers, the same side or different?

A

Same

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16
Q

What is a carbonyl group

A

C=O

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17
Q

What is an aldehyde

A

A compound with the group RCHO

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18
Q

What is the functional group of a ketone

A

RCOR

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19
Q

How to name aldehydes

A

-al Butanal

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20
Q

How do you name ketones

A

-one propanone

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21
Q

Why is HCN used

A

To increase carbon chain length

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22
Q

Why does the product of HCN + carbon chain have optical isomers

A

It can attack from the bottom or the top

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23
Q

Name of product when HCN is used

A

Hydroxynitrile

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24
Q

How to identify a aldehyde

A

Add Tollens makes a silver mirror

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25
Q

What regnant is used for oxidising alcohols and aldehydes

A

APD, acidified potassium dichromate

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26
Q

What is a carboxylic acid functional group?

A

-COOH

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27
Q

Are carboxylic acids soluble in water

A

Yes they can form H-Bonds

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28
Q

Functional group of an ester

A

RCOOR

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29
Q

Characteristics of esters

A

Fruity smell and volatile

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30
Q

Use of esters

A

Perfumes - long chains
Solvents - short

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31
Q

What are some natural esters

A

Fats and oiuls

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32
Q

What catalyst is needed for the formation of acids

A

Conc. Sulphuric acid

33
Q

What catalyst is needed for the hydrolysis of esters

A

Dilute sulphuric acid

34
Q

Alternative way of hydrolysis

A

Base hydrolysis

35
Q

Advantages of base hydrolysis

A

Not reversible meaning higher Yield

36
Q

Difference between oil and fat

A

Fats are saturated meaning the have a double bond, makes a solid oils are liquids

37
Q

Product of hydrolysing fats

A

Glycerol and a sodium salt

38
Q

Uses of sodium salts

A

Soaps and cleaning products

39
Q

IUPAC name of glycerol

A

Propan-1,2,3-triol

40
Q

Uses of glycerol

A

Uses in cosmetic preparations
Solvent in medicines

41
Q

What crop is biodiesel made from

A

Rapeseed

42
Q

Problem using biodiesel

A

Crop area could be used for food instead

43
Q

Acyl chloride function group

A

RCOCl

44
Q

Acid anhydrides functional group

A

RCOOCR

45
Q

Are acyl chlorides or acid anhydrides more reactive

A

Acyl chlorides

46
Q

Mechanism name of acyl chlorides/acid anhydrides

A

Nucleophilic addition elimination

47
Q

Advantage of reacting an acyl chloride with ethanoic anhydride than ethanoyl chloride

A

Cheaper, doesnt make HCL

48
Q

What is the benzene formula

A

C6H6

49
Q

Whats the most common reaction with benzene

A

Substitution

50
Q

Bond angle in Benzene

A

120

51
Q

What is the ring in the middle of benzene

A

Delocalised electrons

52
Q

Whats the effect of the benzene ring

A

Very stable

53
Q

Why is double bonds inaccurate for benzene

A

Wouldn’t be symmetrical, C=C bond is shorter than C-C
Would undergo addition reactions

54
Q

Is benzene soluble in water?

A

No, non polar

55
Q

How to name compounds with a benzene ring

A

Side group - phenyl
Functional group - benzene

56
Q

Why is benzene attacked by electrophiles

A

High electron density

57
Q

What mechanism does benzene undergo

A

Electrophilic substitution

58
Q

Which ion is used to nitrate benzene?

A

NO2+

59
Q

How are NO2+ ions generated to reacted with benzene

A

H2SO4 + HNO3 -> HSO4- + H20 + NO2+

60
Q

How is the H2SO4 remade to become the catalyst in the equation to form NO2+ ions

A

HSO4- + H+ -> H2SO4

61
Q

What are the uses of nitrated benzene’s

A

TNT

62
Q

Equation to from the Ion CH3CO+

A

CH3COCl + AlCl3 -> AlCl4- + CH3CO+

63
Q

Equation to reform AlCl3 for a catalyst

A

H+ + AlCl4- -> HCl + AlCl3

64
Q

Word to describe optically active molecules

A

Chiral

65
Q

Whats a pair or isomers called

A

Enantiomers

66
Q

Whats a chiral centre

A

A C that has 4 different groups

67
Q

How are chiral centres shown

A

C*

68
Q

How is light polarised

A

Passing through a Polaroid filter

69
Q

What effect does plane polarised light have on a recemic

A

Non. Rotate by the same angle

70
Q

Are racemic mixtures formed in nature?

A

Not often, enzymes are designed to only form 1 Enantiomer

71
Q

Ways to resolve issue of a defective racemate

A

Separate enantiomers
Sell racemate
Design alternative synthesis

72
Q

How do you name amines

A

-Amine or amino-

73
Q

Why are amines reactive

A

Because of the lone pair of e- on the N

74
Q

What do amines smell of

A

Fish

75
Q

How can a primary amine form 2,3,4 amines

A

Multiple substitutions

76
Q

How to maximise the yield of a primary amine

A

Use excesses ammonia

77
Q

What type of mechanism is a haloakane and a cyanide ion

A

Nucleophilic substitution

78
Q

What conditions are needed for a Nucleophilic substitution on an aimine

A

Ethanol as a solvent
A nitrile is formed

79
Q

What are amines used for

A

Dyes, drugs, nylon

Chemistry (22 decks)

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