organic

Question 1

Bond energy

Answer 1

measurement used to indicate the amount of energy needed to break bonds, measured in kJ/mol

Question 2

Electronegativity

Answer 2

tendency of an atom to attract a pair of bonding electrons

Question 3

hydrocarbons

Answer 3

organic compounds consisting of carbon and hydrogen

Question 4

valence number

Answer 4

number of electrons in the outer shell (valence shell) of an atom

Question 5

Unsaturated hydrocarbons

Answer 5

molecules that have at least one double or triple carbon-carbon bond

Question 6

skeletal structure

Answer 6

representation of a molecular structure where covalent bonds are shown as lines. Carbon atoms are shown as vertices and hydrogen atoms bonded to carbon atoms are not shown

Question 7

terminal carbon

Answer 7

found at the end of the carbon parent chain and is bonded to one other carbon

Question 8

Alkyl groups

Answer 8

groups formed by removing one hydrogen atom from the equivalent alkane chain

Question 9

Functional groups

Answer 9

specific groups of atoms within a compound that affect the properties of the compound. Compounds containing the same functional group have similar chemical properties

Question 10

Primary amine

Answer 10

compound with an amino functional group (NH2) where the nitrogen atom is only bonded to one carbon atom
can act as weak bases
amine group sits on terminal carbon

Question 11

amide

Answer 11

compound that has the amide functional group (CONH2)

Question 12

aldehyde

Answer 12

compounds that contain an carbonyl functional group (CO)

end of chain only (on terminal carbon)

Question 13

Ketones

Answer 13

compounds that contain a carbonyl (CO) functional group. The carbon atom in the CO group is attached to 2 alkyl groups (mid chain)

Question 14

Carboxylic acids

Answer 14

compounds that contain a carboxyl functional group (COOH)

Question 15

Esters

Answer 15

compounds that contain an ester functional group (COO)

formed from an alcohol (-yl) and carboxylic acid (-oate)

Question 16

Haloalkanes

Answer 16

alkanes that contain a halogen

contain a polar bond

Question 17

Alcohols

Answer 17

compounds that contain a hydroxyl functional group (OH) bonded to a carbon atom in the carbon chain

Question 18

Primary alcohols

Answer 18

alcohols where the hydroxyl functional group (OH) is bonded to a carbon with only 1 alkyl group

Question 19

Secondary alcohols

Answer 19

alcohols where the hydroxyl functional group (OH) is bonded to a carbon with 2 alkyl groups

Question 20

Tertiary alcohols

Answer 20

alcohols where the hydroxyl functional group (OH) is bonded to a carbon with 3 alkyl groups

Question 21

relationship between bond length and strength and stability

Answer 21

as bond length decreases, bond energy and stability increases

Question 22

alkanes

Answer 22

saturated hydrocarbons

general: CnH2n+2
cycloalkanes: CnH2n

Question 23

alkenes

Answer 23

unsaturated hydrocarbons that have at least 1 carbon-carbon double bond
CnH2n
double bond causes kink so they cannot pack as closely together

Question 24

alkynes

Answer 24

unsaturated hydrocarbons that have one or more carbon-carbon triple bond
CnH2n-2

Question 25

functional group priority

Answer 25

``` carboxylic acid ester primary amide aldehyde ketone alcohol amine alkene alkyne alkane haloalkane ```

Question 26

functional group prefix & suffix

Answer 26

``` carboxylic acid: carboxy-, -oic acid ester: n/a, -yl -oate primary amide: n/a, -amide aldehyde: formyl-, -al ketone: oxo-, -one alcohol: hydroxy-, -ol amine: amino-, -amine alkene: n/a, -ene alkyne: n/a, -yne alkane: n/a, -ane haloalkane: chloro-,bromo-(etc), n/a ```

Question 27

Isomers

Answer 27

molecules with the same molecular formula but different structures

Question 28

Structural isomers

Answer 28

isomers that have the same molecular formula but the atoms are arranged in different orders chain, positional, functional

Question 29

Spatial orientation

Answer 29

direction and position in space

Question 30

Stereoisomers

Answer 30

isomers with the same order of atoms but have different spatial orientations cis/trans and enantiomers

Question 31

Geometric isomers

Answer 31

cis and trans isomers which are formed due to the inability for double bonds to rotate

Question 32

Enantiomers (optical isomers)

Answer 32

pairs of chiral compounds that are mirror images of each other and non superimposable(chiral)

Question 33

Achiral compounds

Answer 33

compounds that can be superimposed onto their mirror image

Question 34

Chiral compounds

Answer 34

compounds that cannot be superimposed onto their mirror image

Question 35

Chiral centre

Answer 35

atom that has four different groups bonded to it

Question 36

Superimposable

Answer 36

the ability for a molecule to be placed over its mirror image

Question 37

chain, positional & functional structural isomers

Answer 37

chain - difference branching in carbon chain positional - different position of the functional group (usually indicated by number in name) functional - same atoms but different functional groups

Question 38

cis & trans isomers

Answer 38

different arrangements around a double bond. if on same side of molecule = cis opposite side of molecule = trans look for two different numbers in name

Question 39

hydrogen bond

Answer 39

NOF-H bound to a NOF

Question 40

forms intermolecular hydrogen bonds, permanent dipole dimple bonding and dispersion forces

Answer 40

alcohols, amines, amides, carboxylic acids

Question 41

forms intermolecular permanent dipole dipole bonding and dispersion forces

Answer 41

haloalkanes, aldehydes, ketones, esters

Question 42

forms only intermolecular dispersion forces

Answer 42

alkanes, alkenes, alkynes

Question 43

can form hydrogen bonds with water (smaller molecules)

Answer 43

haloalkanes, aldehydes, ketones, esters

Question 44

boiling point - alkenes

Answer 44

double bonds create kink in carbon chain (excluding ethene) limits the effectiveness of dispersion forces hence lower BP compared to equivalent alkane

Question 45

boiling point - alkynes

Answer 45

triple bond is linear pack together closer than alkane counterparts BP is higher than equivalent alkane and alkene

Question 46

Substitution reaction

Answer 46

one atom/group of atoms replaces one atom/group of atoms & two products form

Question 47

alkane to chloroalkane

Answer 47

alkane + (cl2, UV) --> chloroalkane + HCl

Question 48

haloalkane -> amine

Answer 48

haloalkane + (ammonia, ethanol) -> amine + HCl

Question 49

haloalkane -> alcohol

Answer 49

haloalkane + (OH-, KOH or NaOH) -> alcohol + NaCl/KCl

Question 50

alcohol -> amine

Answer 50

alcohol + (ammonia, Al2O3, 400 degrees C) -> amine + H2O

Question 51

addition reaction

Answer 51

atoms are added across a double bond and double bond becomes a single bond. one product forms

Question 52

alkene -> alkane (hydrogenation)

Answer 52

alkene + (H2, Ni catalyst, 500 degrees) -> alkane

Question 53

alkene -> di-haloalkane

Answer 53

alkene + (halogen gas eg. Br2, Cl2 etc) -> di-bromoalkane

Question 54

alkene -> chloroalkane

Answer 54

alkene (HCl, AlCl3) -> chloroalkane

Question 55

alkene -> alcohol

Answer 55

alkene + (H2O, H3PO4) -> alcohol

Question 56

oxidation of alkanols

Answer 56

redox reaction. O2 added and hydrogen removed (typically)

Question 57

partial oxidation of a primary alcohol

Answer 57

primary alcohol + (Cr2O7^2-/MnO4^-, H+) -> aldehyde

Question 58

full oxidation of a primary alcohol

Answer 58

primary alcohol + (Cr2O7^2-/MnO4^-, H+) -> carboxylic acid

Question 59

oxidation of a secondary alcohol

Answer 59

secondary alcohol + (Cr2O7^2-/MnO4^-, H+) -> ketone