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Histology & Embryology > Organelles & Epithelial Tissue Part 1 (Quiz 2) > Flashcards

Organelles & Epithelial Tissue Part 1 (Quiz 2) Flashcards

1
Q

What is the function of the nucleus?

A

protecting and controlling access to DNA

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2
Q

What is the function of the ER?

A

routing, modifying new polypeptide chains, synthesizing lipids

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3
Q

What is the function of the Golgi body?

A

modifying new polypeptide chains, receiving, sorting, shipping proteins and lipids (think post office)

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4
Q

What is the function of the mitochondria?

A

making ATP by sugar breakdown

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5
Q

What is the function of lysosomes?

A

intracellular digestion

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6
Q

What is the function of peroxisomes?

A

inactivating toxins

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7
Q

What is the function of ribosomes?

A

assembling polypeptide chains

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8
Q

What is the function of centrioles?

A

anchor for cytoskeleton

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9
Q

Name some membranous organelles

A

-nucleus
-ER
-Golgi body
-vesicles
-mitochondria
-lysosome
-peroxisome

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10
Q

What are the 3 nonmembranous organelles we talked about in class?

A

ribosomes, centrosome/centrioles, and cytoskeleton

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11
Q

What are the 6 types of membrane proteins?

A

1) ion channel (integral proteins)
2) carrier/transporters (integral proteins)
3) receptor (integral proteins)
4) enzyme (integral and peripheral proteins)
5) linker (integral and peripheral proteins)
6) cell identity marker (glycoprotein)

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12
Q

Are ion channels integral proteins, peripheral proteins, or both?

A

integral proteins

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13
Q

Are carrier proteins/transporters integral proteins, peripheral proteins, or both?

A

integral proteins

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14
Q

Are receptors integral proteins, peripheral proteins, or both?

A

integral proteins

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15
Q

Are enzymes integral proteins, peripheral proteins, or both?

A

both

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16
Q

Are linker proteins integral proteins, peripheral proteins, or both?

A

both

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17
Q

Are cell identity markers integral proteins, peripheral proteins, or both?

A

none of the above ;)

its a glycoprotein!

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18
Q

What do linker proteins do?

A

anchor filaments inside and outside the plasma membrane, providing structural stability and shape for the cell

may also participate in movement of the cell or link 2 cells together

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19
Q

T/F: theres an enzyme for every chemical reaction

A

true!

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20
Q

Are ion channels and carriers/transporters passive or active transport?

A

passive transport (facilitated diffusion)

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21
Q

Where are linker proteins usually found?

A

epithelial tissue

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22
Q

Where are cell identity markers (glycoproteins) usually found?

A

RBCs

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23
Q

Is the cytoskeleton membranous or non-membranous?

A

non-membranous

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24
Q

A cells internal framework is called the….

A

cytoskeleton

(helps w/ structure, support, protection, and leverage)

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25
Q

Is the cytoskeleton permanently rigid?

A

no!

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26
Q

The cytoskeleton is a network in the cytoplasm composed of 3 protein filaments. What are they?

A

-microfilaments
-intermediate filaments
-microtubules

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27
Q

Which protein filament of the cytoskeleton is the largest? smallest?

A

largest= microtubules

smallest= microfilaments

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28
Q

What protein are microtubules made with?

A

tubulin

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29
Q

What is the function of microtubules and where are they found?

A

-spatially organize interior of the cell
-create movement
-form spindles during cell division
-found within flagella and cilia

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30
Q

What is the function of microfilaments and where is it found?

A

-reinforce parts of the cell
-sits under the plasma membrane (if folded, then there will also be microvilli)

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31
Q

What is the function of intermediate filaments?

A

-add strength
-provide spaces/compartments to organize the organelles
-anchor filaments of actin and myosin

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32
Q

What is cilia?

A

hair-like extensions

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33
Q

Are both cilia and flagella found on the surface of cells?

A

yes

note: not all cells have cilia or flagella

flagella is only found in aquatic organisms or sperm (tail)

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34
Q

What does flagella do?

A

propel the cell in one direction

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35
Q

Are ribosomes membranous or non-membranous?

A

non-membranous

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36
Q

Ribosomes are made up of _____ subunits with RNA and protein. Ribosomes can be free (SER) or attached to ER (RER). Ribosomes string amino acids together. What is this called?

A

2 (large and small), protein synthesis

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37
Q

The SER can take in glucose and make what?

A

starches, glycogen, etc

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38
Q

Are the RER and SER continuous with each other?

A

yes

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39
Q

The SER makes _____________________ and stores it in cisternae

A

carbohydrates/lipids

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40
Q

The RER is a network of cisternae (like a storage unit) that is synthesizing, making, and storing…..

A

macromolecules/proteins

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41
Q

What are the 2 faces of the golgi body called?

A

cis face
-way into golgi
-biggest ring/bottom of the stack

trans face
-way out of the golgi
-smallest ring/top of the stack

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42
Q

Are lysosomes membranous or non-membranous?

A

membranous

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43
Q

Lysosomes bud off from where?

A

golgi membrane (lysosomes are continually being made by the golgi)

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44
Q

Lysosomes contain what type of enzymes?

A

digestive enzymes

lysosomes can take something in and digest it because of these enzymes (similar idea to phagocytosis)

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45
Q

Lysosomes may fuse with vesicles formed at the….

A

plasma membrane

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46
Q

Lysosomes can be instructed to burst/lysis (due to _______________________) and destroy and digest the entire cell (self destruct)

A

toxins or cant keep up

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47
Q

Peroxisomes are small, round circles/vesicles that are capable of breaking down ________ nonpolar molecules

A

large

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48
Q

Peroxisomes are structures that are similar in shape to lysosomes, but are smaller and contain enzymes that use oxygen to oxidize (break down) organic substances. Peroxisomes contain enzymes that break down fatty acids and amino acids (peptides) by oxidizing cell substances. What does oxidization do to the cells? What molecule oxidizes?

A

ages it/damages it

free radicals are ions or molecules that oxidize cell

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49
Q

What do antioxidants do in the case of free radicals and peroxisomes?

A

antioxidants = against oxygen

so antioxidants mop up free radicals to prevent aging/damage in the cells

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50
Q

Proteasomes are barrel-shaped structures that destroy unneeded, damaged, or faulty proteins by cutting long proteins into smaller proteins so that it can be taken over by _____________ or ____________ to break it down more/destroy it

A

peroxisomes, lysosomes

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51
Q

Most oxidation processes that are carried out by peroxisomes produce hydrogen peroxide. What does hydrogen peroxide do?

A

oxidizes more things!

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52
Q

What shape is the mitochondria?

A

rod shape

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53
Q

Is the mitochondria membranous or non-membranous?

A

membranous!

2 membranes: outer and inner membrane

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54
Q

The inner mitochondrial membrane is saturated with what?

A

enzymes to do chemical reactions

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55
Q

The mitochondria has a double membrane system. The inner membrane contains many folds called the __________. What forms in the inner compartment of the mitochondria?

A

cristae, ATP

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56
Q

What does the outer membrane of the mitochondria allow for?

A

stockpiling of hydrogen ions and the formation of ATP

57
Q

Mitochondria contains DNA (mtDNA) and ________________

A

ribosomes

58
Q

mitochondria is roughly the size of what?

A

bacteria

59
Q

metabolism is….

A

the sum of all reactions

60
Q

Fuel goes into the mitochondria, which is glucose and holds energy inside of the carbon bonds.

Oxygen is also released into mitochondria.

The mitochondria will release ATP, ____________, and ________.

ATP goes on to do work inside of the cell, which is anything active, or any chemical reaction

A

carbon dioxide, heat

61
Q

What is the purpose of the nuclear pore?

A

to increase transport and exchange

62
Q

What are the 5 main parts of the nucleus?

A

1) nuclear envelope (double layered membrane)
2) nucleolus
3) nucleoplasm (cytoplasm of the nucleus)
4) chromatin (unfolded DNA)
5) chromosomes

63
Q

What does the nucleolus contain?

A

RNA and proteins

64
Q

The nuclear membrane controls what goes in and out of the nucleus. It keeps _______ from getting entangled in the cytoplasm and allows DNA to replicate

A

DNA

65
Q

How many pairs of chromosomes do we have?

A

23 pairs, 46 in total

1-22 are given a number
chromosome 23= sex chromosomes

xx= female
xy= male

66
Q

What are histones?

A

helper proteins that assist the DNA to be unwound

67
Q

DNA is a long strand of nucleotides that makes up a recipe to make proteins. Chromatin is ____________________. Chromosomes is packaged DNA

A

DNA folded around histones

68
Q

The nucleus contains the cells hereditary units, called __________, which are arranged in chromosomes

A

genes

69
Q

The nucleolus is the site where some proteins and RNA combine to make the…..

A

ribosomal subunits

70
Q

How do ribosomes leave the nucleus?

A

through pores

71
Q

What do all tissues have?

A

cells and an ECF or ECM

(the proportion of cell and matrix varies among the 4 tissue types)

72
Q

What does epithelial tissue do?

A

-lines, wraps, and covers
-covers exposed surfaces
-lines internal passageways
-forms glands

73
Q

Which tissue type is the largest category?

A

connective tissue

74
Q

What does connective tissue do?

A

-fills internal spaces
-supports other tissues
-transports materials
-stores energy

75
Q

What does muscle tissue do and where is it found?

A

-specialized for contraction
-found in skeletal muscle, heart muscle, and the walls of hollow organs

76
Q

What does neural tissue do?

A

carries electrical signals from one part of the body to another

77
Q

Epithelial tissues are composed of closely aggregated _____________/__________ cells adhering strongly to one another and to a thin layer of ECM (basal lamina), forming cellular sheets that line the cavities of organs and cover the body surface

A

polyhedral/cuboidal

78
Q

Epithelial tissue lines, wraps, and covers, or forms….

A

secretory tissues/glands

79
Q

What tissue is this?

All external and internal surfaces of the body and all substances that enter or leave an organ must cross this type of tissue

A

epithelial tissue

80
Q

Glands are __________ epithelial tissue (produce secretions)

A

modified

81
Q

What are the rules/characteristics of epithelia?

A

1) cellularity (cell junctions)
2) polarity (apical surface = top of cell, basal= bottom of cell)
3) attachment (basal lamina, the foundation)
4) avascularity (no blood vessels, oxygen and nutrients will get through diffusion)
5) regeneration (cell division, will maintain the ability to undergo mitosis)

82
Q

What other name is interchangeable with basal lamina?

A

basement membrane

83
Q

The basal surface of all epithelia rests on a thin extracellular, felt like sheet of macromolecules referred to as the….

A

basement membrane

84
Q

Glycoproteins and other components will often be stained and visualized with the light microscope of what structure?

A

basement membrane

85
Q

The basal lamina is closest to the cells and contains what 3 things?

A

1) type IV collagen
2) laminin (glycoprotein that attaches to integrins)
3) nidogen and perlecan (gives structure and controls permeability)

86
Q

What collagen is a part of the basal lamina?

A

type IV collagen

87
Q

The basal lamina contains laminin. What is this?

A

its a glycoprotein that attaches to integrins for cell to cell adhesion

88
Q

The basal lamina contains nidogen and perlecan for what purpose?

A

structure and permeability control

89
Q

What is the difference between:
-tight/occluding/zonulae occludens junctions
-adherent/anchoring/zonula adherens junctions
-and gap junctions?

A

tight/occluding/zonulae occludens junctions form a seal between adjacent cells

adherent/anchoring/zonula adherens junctions are sites of strong cell adhesion

gap junctions are channels for communication between adjacent cells

90
Q

Tight junctions/occluding/zonulae occludens are the most __________ of the junctions. The adjacent membranes at these junctions appear fused or very tightly apposed. Tight junctions ensure that molecules crossing an epithelium go through the cell, not between

A

apical

91
Q

Adherent/anchoring/zonula adherens junctions encircle epithelial cells, usually immediately below the ____________ junction. They function like plastic bands that hold a 6-pack of canned drinks together

A

tight junctions/occluding/zonulae occludens

92
Q

Desmosomes/macula adherens form a single spot weld and attach internally to….

A

intermediate filaments

note: hemidesmosomes also exist (1/2 of desmosome)

93
Q

Gap junctions mediate _______________ communication rather than adhesion or occlusion between cells.

A

intercellular

94
Q

Gap junctions consist of aggregated ________________ protein complexes that form circular patches in the plasma membrane. The proteins are ____________ and form pores 1.5nm diameter

A

transmembrane, connexins

95
Q

Gap junctions permit intercellular exchange of….

A

molecules

96
Q

In heart and visceral muscles, gap junctions help produce what?

A

rhythmic contractions

97
Q

Define syncytium

A

cells working together as a “sheet”, all do the same thing at same time

98
Q

The apical ends of many columnar and cuboidal epithelial cells have specialized structures projecting from the cells. These function either to increase the apical ______________ for better absorption or to move substances along the epithelial surface

A

surface area

99
Q

Microvilli are finger like extensions of the epithelial surface and each microvillus contains….

A

bundled actin filaments

100
Q

In epithelia specialized for absorption, the apical cell surfaces are often filled with an array of projecting….

A

microvilli

101
Q

absorption = in
secretion = ?

A

out

102
Q

What do microvilli need?

A

cytoskeleton (microfilaments- actin)

103
Q

Stereocilia are very long projections and are fairly rare, it is a much less common type of apical process that is best seen on the absorptive epithelial cells lining what system? What does stereocilia do here?

A

male reproductive system

stereocilia increases the cells surface area, facilitating absorption

104
Q

Stereocilia is usually found in the male reproductive system but can also be found with a motion detecting function where?

A

in the inner ear sensory cells

105
Q

Stereocilia resemble microvilli in containing arrays of _________________, ________________, and ___________________ but are typically much longer and less motile than microvilli

A

microfilaments, microtubules, actin-binding proteins

106
Q

Cilia are long hair like, highly motile apical structures that are larger than microvilli. What are cilia powered by?

A

ATP

107
Q

Cilia contain internal arrays of….

A

microtubules NOT microfilaments

cilia needs microtubules!

108
Q

Motile cilia are abundant on what cells of epithelia?

A

cuboidal or columnar cells

109
Q

T/F: cilia exhibit rapid beating patterns that move a current fluid and suspended matter in multiple directions along the epithelium

A

FALSE

cilia does this BUT in one direction only

110
Q

The long flagellum that extends from each fully differentiated _______ cell has an internal structure like that of a cilium and move with a similar mechanism

A

sperm

111
Q

What are the 4 functions of epithelial tissue?

A

1) provide physical protection
2) control permeability
3) provide sensation
4) produce specialized secretions

112
Q

Epithelia can be divided into 2 main groups. What are they?

A

1) covering or lining epithelia
2) secretory or glandular epithelia

113
Q

Cells of covering epithelia are organized into ____ layers that cover the surface or line the cavities of an organ

A

1+

114
Q

What are the 2 classes of epithelia?

A

1) shape (squamous, cuboidal, columnar)
2) layers (simple, stratified)

115
Q

What is the naming rule for epithelia?

A

always a 2 part name

1st layers, 2nd shape

116
Q

What is simple squamous epithelium good for?

A

absorption and diffusion

ex: gas exchange through the alveoli

117
Q

The apical layer is also known as the….

A

functional layer

118
Q

What is stratified squamous epithelium good for?

A

protection

ex: oral cavity

119
Q

Simple squamous epithelia is a single layer of thin cells, in which the cell nuclei are the ________ part of the cell and the most visible structures. Simple epithelia are typically specialized as lining of vessels and cavities, where they regulate passage of substances into the underlying tissue

A

thickest

120
Q

What is mesothelium?

A

simple squamous epithelium that lines body cavities and secretes serous fluid

121
Q

What is endothelium?

A

simple squamous epithelium that lines the heart and blood vessels

122
Q

What are the 2 named epithelia in the human body?

A

mesothelium and endothelium

123
Q

Simple cuboidal epithelium have a greater thickness than simple squamous epithelium and this allows cytoplasm to be rich in ____________ and other organelles for a high level of active transport across the epithelium and other functions. Simple cuboidal epithelium also allows for absorption and diffusion

A

mitochondria

124
Q

Where is simple cuboidal epithelium found?

test q

A

-renal collecting tubule (a part of the nephrons)
-large thyroid follicle (in the thyroid gland)
-thick mesothelium covering an ovary

125
Q

Does simple columnar have apical cilia or microvilli?

A

yes, helpful with absorption

126
Q

What junctions are found within simple columnar epithelium?

A

tight and adherent junctions (present at the apical ends)

127
Q

Where is simple columnar epithelium found?

test q

A

-renal collecting duct
-uterine tube
-lining of a gallbladder

128
Q

Stratified squamous epithelia usually has protective functions. What are they?

A

-protection against easy invasion of underlying tissue by microorganisms
-protection against water loss

129
Q

What are the 2 types of stratified squamous epithelium?

A

stratified squamous keratinized epithelium and stratified squamous nonkeratinized epithelium

130
Q

Where is stratified squamous keratinized epithelium usually found and what is its function?

A

mainly in the epidermis of the skin, where it helps prevent dehydration from the tissue

131
Q

Where is stratified squamous nonkeratinized epithelium usually found?

A

lines most internal cavities such as the mouth, esophagus, and vagina

132
Q

What stratified epithelia are rare?

A

stratified cuboidal and stratified columnar

133
Q

Where is transitional epithelium usually found?

A

urinary tract (bladder and ureters)

134
Q

Name this epithelium:

Allows distension, tolerates repeated cycles of stretching and recoiling and returns to its previous shape without damage, as needed

A

transitional epithelium

135
Q

Name this epithelium:

Tall, irregular cells all are attached to the basement membrane but their nuclei are at different levels and not all cells extend to the free surface.

A

pseudostratified epithelium

136
Q

Where is pseudostratified epithelium found?

A

upper respiratory tract where the cells are also heavily ciliated (trachea)

137
Q

Epithelial cells that function mainly to produce and secrete various macromolecules comprise specialized
organs called…

A

glands

138
Q

secretory cells may synthesize, store, and release….

A

-proteins (ex: enzymes and hormones from pancreas)
-lipids (ex: hormones from adrenal gland or oils from sebaceous gland)
-carbs and proteins (ex: salivary glands)

139
Q

Scattered secretory cells, sometimes called unicellular glands are common in what tissue(s)?

A

simple cuboidal, simple columnar, and pseudostratified epithelia

ex: goblet cells are abundant in the lining of the small intestine

Histology & Embryology (21 decks)

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