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Gr 10 bio > Organ systems gr 10 > Flashcards

Organ systems gr 10 Flashcards

1
Q

Flow of oxygenated blood in the heart

A

Left side, pumps it to the rest of the body

Lungs, pulminary vein, Left Atrium, Left Ventricle, aorta, Out

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2
Q

Flow of deoxygenated blood in the heart

A

Right side, goes to lungs

Supirior or inferior Vena Cava,Right Atrium, Right Ventricle, pulmonary artery, lungs

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3
Q

4 steps of the digestive system

A

Ingestion
Digestion
Absorbtion
Elimination

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4
Q

What is ingestion

A

First stage of the digestive system

mechanically broken down with teeth and chemically with enzymes in the saliva
Once food is broken up and softened it is called a bolus
The bolus now goes down the esophagus

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5
Q

What is digestion

A

Second stage of the digestive system

The esophagus is made of muscles that connects the mouth to the stomach

The stomach ‘churns’ the food! The muscles in the stomach move the food around with enzymes and acid, hydrochloric acid stomach acid this kills bacteria on the food.

Nerves in the stomach signal when it is full,they tell the brain and then you feel full.

Chime (partly digested food) leaves the stomach through a sphicter into the small intestine

The first part of the small intestine is called the duodenum which is where most digestion takes place after the Liver, gallblader and pancreas release more digestive enzymes (bile, insulin, pepsin, lactase, etc.) to complete the chemical breakdown of food.

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6
Q

What is absorbtion

A

Third stage of the digestive system

In the last part of the small intestine is absorption of the good stuff (nutrients, sugars, fats, vitamins)

It now moves into the large intestine
The large intestine absorbs water , salt and vitamins

The undigested food is moved to the rectum for storage before being eliminated through the anus as feces

The large intestine is made of the colon,
rectum and anus .

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7
Q

What is Elimination

A

Fourth and final stage of the digestive system

When waste is excreted from the body

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8
Q

What do arteries do
And what are thier atributes

A

Carry blood away from the heart

Largest of the vessels
Elastic fibres allow the artery to Stretch under pressure

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9
Q

What do veins do
And what are their atributes

A

Carry blood to the heart.

Have Valves to prevent backflow (work against gravity & prevents blood pooling)
Smaller than arteries

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10
Q

What are the 4 chambers in the heart

A

Left atrium, right atrium, right ventricle, left ventricle

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11
Q

What are the 4 components of blood

A

Red blood cells
White blood cells
Platelets
Plasma

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12
Q

What process makes the heart “beat”

A

The opening and closing of chambers

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13
Q

What are capillaries and what do they do
And what are thier atributes

A

They are very tiny blood vessels between arteries and veins. They conduct gas exchange with the surrounding cells (or alveoli in the lungs)

Allow diffusion of material between blood and cells in the body

Smallest blood vessel – the wall is one cell thick to allow for gas exchange between the cells and the blood, and between the lungs and the blood

Web like structure where veins and arteries meet.

A collection of capillaries are known as capillary beds

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14
Q

What is Breathing

A

It is the physical act of inhaling and exhaling
inhales oxygen rich air (high O2, low CO2) into the lungs and exhales CO2 rich air (low O2, high CO2) out of the lungs

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15
Q

What are the types respiration

A

External respiration and internal respiration

(cellular respiration as well )

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16
Q

How does inhalation work

A

Diaphragm contracts
Thoracic cavity expands
pressure in the cavity decreases compared to the outside air
Air rushes in to make the pressures equal

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17
Q

How does exhalation work

A

Diaphragm relaxes
Thoracic cavity reduces in size
Pressure in the cavity increases compared to the outside air
Air rushes out to make the pressures equal

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18
Q

How does gas exchange in the LUNGS work

A

Gas exchange takes place between the ALVEOLI (respiratory system) and the capillaries (circulatory system)

Inhaled O2 moves from the alveoli (high O2 concentration) to the capillary (low O2 concentration) by diffusing across their thin walls

Opposite for CO2

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19
Q

How does gas exchange in the cells work

A

Gas exchange takes place between the (circulatory system) and the cells of the body

As O2 rich blood passes by cells with low O2, a second
diffusion occurs

O2 diffuses into the cell and CO2 diffuses out of the cell

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20
Q

What is internal respiration

A

the exchange of gases (as oxygen and carbon dioxide) between the cells of the body and the blood by way of the fluid bathing the cells

All cells require a way to remove the carbon dioxide waste

Basicly how the oxygen goes into the rest of your body

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21
Q

What is external respiration

A

Ventilation = exchange of air between lungs and atmosphere

Gas Exchange happens in the pulmonary (lung) capillaries

Breathing is mostly an involuntary activity

Basicly breathing

22
Q

What are the functions of the respiratory system

A

Breathing process

Exchange of oxygen and Co2

Enable speech production
Cleans the air the air so pollutants, dust, etc. do not enter the lower respiratory system

23
Q

What are bones

A

Hard and dense

Bone cells are within a matrix of minerals (mostly calcium and phosphorous) and collagen fibres

Canals inside the bones contain nerves and blood vessels

24
Q

What are the types of connective tissue in the skeleton

A

Bones
Ligaments
Cartilage

25
Q

What are ligaments

A

Tough, elastic connective tissues that hold bones together at joints (e.g: ACL)

Made mostly of long fibres of collagen

26
Q

What is cartilage

A

More dense connective tissue made of special cells in a matrix of collagen fibres
Provides a strong, flexible, low friction for bones and other tissues

Used in joins e.g femur to the fibula (calf bone)

27
Q

What are the 3 types of muscle

A

Skeletal muscle (for voluntary movement in the limbs)

Smooth muscle (for involuntary movement of essential organs such as the digestive system)

Cardiac muscle (for involuntary movement of the heart)

28
Q

What are skeletal muscles

A

Skeletal muscles are attached to bones by tendons which allows movement to happen

29
Q

How do muscles contract

A

Muscle tissue consists of bundles of long cells called muscle fibres that contain specialized proteins which cause the muscle to contract when signalled by nerve cells

When the muscle fibres contract, the muscles get shorter and thicker

30
Q

How do muscles move

A

When muscles contract in response to a signal from the nervous system, they exert a force which moves one or both of the bones the muscle is connected to

Muscles can only pull (not push) so muscles work in opposing pairs or groups

E.g. Biceps brachii, and triceps brachii. They are on opposite sides of the arm and work together to make the arm move; when biceps contract triceps relax and vice verson because if you both contracted the arm couldn’t move.

31
Q

What are the 2 types of tumors

A

benign (non-cancerous) tumors and malignant (cancerous) tumors.

32
Q

3 types of “conventional” methods to combat cancer

A
  1. Radiation therapy
    The use of high energy electromagnetic radiation to kill cancer cells. The radiation damages the DNA inside the cancer cells, causing them to die.
    Radiation damages healthy cells too; therefore the treatment is targeted directly at the tumour.
  2. Chemotherapy
    The use of special drugs to treat cancer. Most chemotherapy drugs are cytotoxic (toxic to cells) and work by damaging the cell’s DNA. Chemotherapy specifically tries to prevent cell division, and so it is very toxic to cancer cells which are characterised by uncontrolled cell division. However, unfortunately, these drugs also damage healthy cells that divide rapidly
    Because of the damage to rapidly dividing healthy cells, there are many side-effects
  3. Surgery
    Removal of either the whole tumour, part of the tumour and sometimes even whole organs or body parts. When a small section of the tumour is removed this is called biopsy.

**Frequently surgery is followed by either radiation therapy or chemotherapy and sometimes both.

33
Q

2 types of methods to combat cancer

A

Indigenous Methods, and “conventional methods”

34
Q

Organization of living things

A

Cells -> tissues -> organs -> organ systems -> organisms

35
Q

What is the path of air through the system

A

nose, pharynx (back of your throat), larynx (voice box),trachea (windpipe), bronchial tube,lungs

36
Q

What are the 2 types of your nervous system

A

the central nervous system and the peripheral nervous system

37
Q

What does the central nervous system consist of and why are they important

A

Consists of the brain and spinal cord which consist of interneurons.
Important because it determines how we can function

38
Q

What is the peripheral nervous system

A

Consists of all the nerves in the body (other than the brain and spinal cord)

Has two parts:

Afferent nerves transports signals from the sensory cells to the central nervous system

Efferent transports signals from the central nervous system to the muscles

39
Q

What are sensory receptors

A

We have sensory receptors in our nose, eyes, skin, etc. which are sensitive to particular kinds of information and direct it to particular parts of our brain where it can be processed

This is a very efficient process

40
Q

Who is Phineas Gage

A

Got a pole through his head helped neuroscience

41
Q

What is nerve tissue

A

Is found in the brain, spinal cord, and nerves

Made up of a cluster of specialized nerve cells called “neurons” which function to communicate with one another very quickly

They communicate in the form of electrical signals called “nerve impulses” from one part of the body to another

42
Q

What are neurons and how do they work

A

They are a type of nerve cell.
Allow a one-way flow of information from one end of the neuron to the other

Chemical signals enter through the dendrites, initiate a reaction through the axon toward the axon terminals; the myelin sheath insulates and directs this signal throughout the cell quickly - we call this signal an “action potential”

43
Q

How many organ systems are there

A

11

44
Q

types of tissues

A

There are 4 basic types of tissue: connective tissue, epithelial tissue, muscle tissue, and nervous tissue

45
Q

What does connective tissue do

A

Connective tissue supports other tissues and binds them together

46
Q

What does Epithealial tissue do

A

Epithelial tissue provides a covering (skin, the linings of the various passages inside the body).

47
Q

What does muscle tissue do

A

move the skeleton, and smooth muscle, such as the muscles that surround the stomach, and cardiac muscle which allows for involuntary movement of the heart

48
Q

What does nervous tissue do

A

Nerve tissue is made up of nerve cells (neurons) and is used to carry “messages” to and from various parts of the body.

49
Q

Stomatic

A

vollentary movement

50
Q

Astomatic

A

Non vollentary movement

51
Q

What stops food from going down into the larynx (respiratory system)

A

epiglottis

Gr 10 bio (3 decks)

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