Organ System Anatomy Flashcards
Food is put into the mouth, what enzyme is in chemical digestion
Amylase
What mechanical digestion is used in esophagus ?
Muscles push the food down into the stomach it is called peristalsis
Mechanical digestion in the stomach?
Churning helps break down the food and mix it with gastric juice to form chyme
Chemical digestion in the stomach
Hydrochloric acid breaks down the food and kills bacteria. Pepsin breaks down proteins
Mechanical digestion in the small intestine
Villi and microvilli increase surface area, and greatly increase the level of absorption.
Chemical digestion in the small intestine
Pancreatic juice containing amylase, pro teases, and lipase is from the gallbladder. Bile from the liver and stored in the gallbladder is released to emulsify fats and oils.
Carries out blood away from the heart, are elastic and thick
Arteries
Return blood to the heart, are thin and less elastic, use valves to prevent backflow
Veins
Have walls that are one cell wall thick to allow for materials to pass through and connect arteries to veins
Capillaries
Deoxygenated blood enters what part of the hear first
The right atrium following the inferior vena cava and superior vena cava
Most blood flow will enter what when the heart is relaxed and AV valve is open
Right ventricle
The cardiac cycle is regulated by what?
Auto-rhythmic cells
SA node pacemaker of the heart
AV node
Responsible for starting the cardiac cycle by contracting both atria and by sending a signal
SA NODE
Signal to contract the ventricles
AV node
Inside ___________the body’s immune system works to respond to and defend against foreign invaders
Lymph nodes
Passageway that fluids and wastes can be delivered into the circulatory system
Lymphatic system
Lymphatic system is composed of what?
Veins and capillaries, to prevent back flow of lymph
Blood is composed of?
Plasma, white blood cells, red blood cells and platelets
Responsible for carrying out oxygen via hemoglobin present in cells
Red blood cells ( erythrocytes )
Defend the body against foreign invaders such as bacteria and viruses
White blood cells ( leukocyte)
Responsible for helping the blood clot and seal breaks in the walls of blood vessels
Platelets
The bodies first primary defenses are?
Skin, saliva, mucus sweat, urine, stomach acid and tears
The bodies secondary line of defense?
Inflammation
Swelling, redness and warmth of infected area cause the body to call in macrophages and neutrophils to consume bacteria. If the pathogen is a virus the interferon is produced so that the body can block it
Third line of defense
The body remembers the pathogen and will have a much quicker response. The body has made antibodies against that specific pathogen
Have antigen receptors and antibodies, and work to fight off bacteria
B cells
Responsible for recognizing nonself cells, they produce memory and killer cells
T cells
Bacterial and viral infections these cells available to recognize the antigens that have been ingested and displayed by macrophages
Helper T cells
The rate at which respiration occurs is governed by the level of what?
Carbon dioxide present in the body
Higher levels of what will trigger the body to increase breathing rate
Excess carbon dioxide
Respiratory pathway of air
Nose Pharynx Larynx Trachea Bronchi Bronchioles Alveoli
Where max gas exchange occurs
Alveoli
Excretory system composed of
Liver Skin Kidneys Ureter Bladder Urethra
Detoxify blood, working to convert substances that are less toxic or altogether harmless
Liver
Excretion of excess heat, the blood vessels I’m the skin widen allowing more blood flow through the capillaries and more to be lost through the skin.
Sweating also occurs
Skin
Work to produce urine, the nephrons that is doing the filtering. Present with the nephrons are bow and capsule and glomeruli
Kidneys
Taking the urine form the kidney to the urinary bladder
Ureter
Anterior pituitary gland
Located in the hypothalamus, produce growth hormone, thyroid stimulating hormone.
Controls growth, release of thyroxine
Posterior pituitary
Located in the hypothalamus, produces oxytocin, affects uterine contractions, water absorption in nephrons
Thyroid gland
Located below the larynx in front of the trachea
Produces thyroxine
Regulates rate of metabolic actives
Parathyroid
Produces parathormone
Regulates calcium and phosphate metabolism
Islets of langerhans
Pancreas
Insulin and glucagon
It lowers and raises blood glucose levels
Adrenal medulla
Adrenaline gland in the kidney
Produces epinephrine and norepinephrine
Increases rate of metabolism and causes liver to release glucose
Adrenal cortex
Adrenaline gland in kidney
Produces cortisol
Rate of metabolism of fats, proteins and carbs
Thymus
Located in chest
Produces thymosin
Produces lymphocytes during childhood years
A change In hormone concentration causes the same kind of change in some other substances
Positive feedback
Change in concentration of a hormone causes a change in concentration of another substance opposite to the change in original
Negative feedback
Nerve cells made of cell body that contains a nucleus
Neurons
Branched fibers receive impulses that are carried through an axon
Dendrites
The axon is converted by a fatty acid called?
Myelin sheath
________[travel at high speeds and are conducted via a sodium potassium pump in the nerve cell membrane
Nerve impulses
The central nervous system is composed of
Brain and spinal cord
The brain is composed of
Cerebrum, cerebellum and medulla oblongata
Responsible for actives such as speech, memory, olfaction and movement
Cerebrum
Controls voluntary movements, and some involuntary movements
Cerebellum.
Responsible for involuntary commands
Medulla oblongata
The spinal cord connects the _____to the brain
Peripheral nervous system
The peripheral nervous system is composed of
Sensory neurons that transmit nerve impulses toward the central nervous system
Motor neurons are classified as
Somatic nervous system or autonomic nervous system
Guides the actions of the skeletal muscles
Somatic nervous system
Guides the actions of organs and involuntary muscles
Autonomic nervous system
Guides the actions of the body that calm the body down
Parasympathetic nervous system
Areas that are closer to the bodies trunk
Proximal
Where red blood cells are formed along with white blood cells ?
Marrow
Allows for some degree of movement so that bones can bend easily at the joints. Some protection against impacts
Cartilage
Includes breastbone, skull, ribs, and vertebrae
Axial skeletal system
Includes arms, legs, shoulder blades, collar bones, and the pelvic bone and girdle
Appendicular skeletal system
The point where one bone meets another
Joint
Moveable joints keeping the bones held together
Ligaments
Connect bones it muscles
Tendons
Types of muscle present in the body?
Smooth, skeletal, and cardiac
Skeletal muscle is found in?
Skeleton of the body
Smooth muscle is found?
Diaphragm, digestive system, and arteries
Cause the joints in the body to flex?
Flexors
Muscles extend joints of the body are called?
Extensors
Where is sperm stored?
Epididymis, then travels to the vas deferens
What glands does sperm travel through ?
Seminal and prostate gland
The point where the egg is released from its follicle is called?
Ovulation
The egg is moved down the Fallopian tube by the action of what?
Cilia
Where is the egg fertilized ?
Uterine wall
Sperm and egg come together it’s called?
Zygote
Cell divisions in fertilization is called?
Cleavage
The germ layers that later become organs in fetal growth?
Ectoderm
Mesoderm
Endotherm
Allows light into the eye ?
Cornea
The colored portion of the eye?
Iris
The iris has an opening called the ?
Pupil
Focuses on the light on the retina and attached to the optic nerve ?
Lens
Where is the olfactory cells embedded in the mucus membrane ?
Inside the nose
Sensory nerve fibers are located?
Four regions on the tongue
