Biological Science Flashcards
Multicellular organisms such as plants and animals
Eukaryotes
Function
Transporting of DNA to messenger RNA, it has it’s own membrane, allowing the passage of materials and proteins needed for DNA replication
Nucleus
Responsible for the production of proteins. Can be free and not bound to any membrane, or can be to the outer membrane of the endoplasmic reticulum
Ribosomes
Two types: smooth and rough
Endoplasmic reticulum
Has ribosomes attached it the Outer surface, produces proteins
Rough
Doesn’t have ribosomes attached, transports the proteins out of the cell
Smooth er
Modifying and packaging proteins and other macromolecules in the cell, can take the process of exocytosis so the materials can be secreted for the cell
Golgi bodies
Termed the suicide sacs of cells because of their involvement with digestion within the cells. They will also use the digestive enzymes to break down parts of the cell that are no longer any use it the cell
Lysosomes
Sore materials, are sacs within the cell that house the range of materials for later use
Vacuoles
Powerhouse
Ability to produce the energy for life. This is accomplished by carrying out the process of Aerobic respiration. It has an inner and outer membrane
Mitochondria
The folds of the inner membrane of the mitochondria are called?
Cristae they are packed with proteins needed for the election transport chain to carry out its function so The mitochondria can continuously produce ATP
Present in plants, contains a substance called chlorophyll to carry out the process of photosynthesis
Chloroplasts
Has a number if micro tubule fibers to provide shape and structure of a cell, made up of protein
Cytoskeleton
Not present with the cell, located outside the cell and allow the cell to move
Cilia/ flagella
Not considered an organelle, it’s a lipid bilayer containing both hydrophilic and hydrophilic portions to keep a watery environments in and out of the cell as needed. It’s selective as to what is entered into the cell. Proteins are present for some transport and carbohydrates for cell identification
Cell membrane
Present in plant cells, cellulose containing giving the plant cell rigidity
Cell wall
Particles naturally move from higher concentration to lower
Diffusion
The concentration is the same inside and outside of the cell
Isotonic solution
The solution outside the cell is lower concentration of solutes than inside the cell
Hypotonic solution
The outside solution has a higher concentration of solute in he cell
Hypertonic
Transportation that occurs form a high concentration to a low concentration naturally without and without any additional energy
Passive transport
Materials need to be moved from an area of low concentration to one higher concentration
Active transport
Simple sugars
Monosaccharides
Glucose and fructose
In order to form disaccharides and starches the removal of water is called?
Dehydration synthesis
Larger starches or polysaccharides have water added to them to break down into simple sugars for use by cells
Hydrolysis
Protein contains ?
Carbon, hydrogen,nitrogen and oxygen
The primary sequence of proteins is the order in which amino acids have formed what?
Peptide bonds
Hemoglobin is an example
Complex proteins that function to regulate the rate at which reactions occur
Enzymes
They are catalysts that aim to lower the amount of energy it takes for a reaction to occur
Enzymes
Made up of carbon, hydrogen and oxygen. Made up from the dehydration synthesis of a glycerol molecule and three fatty acid molecules.
Lipids
Lipid chain is single it is classified as ?
Saturated fat
Lipid classified as double bond it is?
Unsaturated
Stored by the body as an energy reserve and can provide twice per gram than protein and carbohydrates
Lipids
The building blocks for DNA AND RNA.
Contain carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen and phosphorus, five Carbon sugar and a nitrogen base , the phosphate group is what joins the chain together
Nucleic acids
Molecule that supplies energy is called?
ATP
Method that requires oxygen is called?
Aerobic
Method that does not require oxygen is called ?
Anaerobic
Anaerobic process that splits a six carbon glucose molecule into a three carbon pyruvic acid molecule. ATP is needed, provided it enters aerobic process
glycolysis
Pyruvic acid can be further used to carry out anaerobic processes. Yeast us an example
Fermentation
After the pyruvic acid is formed the mitochondria of the cell work to convert acetal- CoA enters kerns cycle. During this process 32 ATP molecules are formed along with water
Aerobic respiration
Carried out process in the chloroplasts of a plant cell and is similar to aerobic respiration
Photosynthesis
Pathways for energy synthesis
Glycolysis
Fermentation
Aerobic respiration
Photosynthesis
Macromolecule in cells that codes for how amino acids form proteins, double strained helix that has complimentary nucleic acids that are hydrogen bonded together
DNA
Exists as a messenger and has nitrogen bases that matches up with nucleic acids for DNA and it pairs up with uracil
RNA
Process that involves most new cells are produced by eukaryotes, and at the end produces two daughter cells
Mitosis
Produces sex cells
Meiosis
Steps to mitosis
Interphase Prophase Metaphase Anaphase Telophase
The cell is carrying on activities other than reproduction
Interphase
Chromosomes are replicated during interphase now become viable as they coil as they form chromatids
Prophase
With the help of centrioles, asters, and spindle fibers the chromatids line up near the equator of the cell
Metaphase
Chromosomes move to the opposite poles of the cell from the help of the spindle fibers. Now they are two separate sets of identical chromosomes. Cytokinesis, the division of the cytoplasm, begins with the pinching of the spindle fibers
Anaphase
Uncoiling of the chromosomes as they begin to look like chromatin again. The cell the forms two daughter cells as the nuclear membrane is visible again.
Telophase
The human cell has how many chromosomes
46
How many chromosomes in each sex cell
23
The primary spermatocyte develops into 4 sperm
Spermatogenesis
One egg cell is formed from the oocyte along with 3 polar bodies
Oogenesis
Single- celled organisms such as bacteria
Prokaryotes
