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Pathology: 2nd department > Organ description > Flashcards

Organ description Flashcards

1
Q

Weight of the kidneys combined

A

300g together

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2
Q

Normal description of the outer part of the kidney

A

The fibrous capsule is easily, removed, the surface is smooth

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3
Q

Colour of the cut surface of the kidney

A

Reddish-brown. Border between the cortex and medulla is sharp

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4
Q

Thickness of the renal cortex

A

5-10 mm (… the medulla is preserved)

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5
Q

Normal description of the renal calyxes, pelvis and ureter

A

The calyxes and the pyelon is free, normal in diameter, the mucosa is pale. The ureters are free, normal in diameter, the mucosa is pale.

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6
Q

What are a sign of congestion in the kidney?

A

Stellate veins are visible on the surface and a deep red colour of the parenchyma

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7
Q

How would you describe kidney stones?

A

there are … number… cm coral-shaped stones filling the calyces. At that area the mucosa is thickened and porcelain white/bright red.

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8
Q

What type on infarct do we have in the kidney and how do they look like (acute and old)?

A
  • Anemic infarction
  • Acute: on the cut surface there is a wedge shaped clay-yellow area with deep red/hemorrhagic border
  • Old: there are one/few/multiple deep, stellar shaped indentations on the surface, the parenchyma is thin, replaced by scar tissue.
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9
Q

What is common to find in nephrosclerosis?

A

consequence of either chronic vascular or glomerular disorder): surface is granulated, few small/ 1-2 mm thin walled cysts filled with yellowish, clear fluid, cortex is uneven in thickness, generally thin.

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10
Q

What is the name of the condition when the kidney is inflammed? How does the kidney look like (acute and chronic)?

A
  • Pyelonephritis
  • Acute pyelonephritis: The parenchyma is deep red, the cortex-medulla border is undefined, there are multiple small yellowish patches (=microabscesses).
  • Chronic pyelonephritis: There are numerous flat, roundish / asymmetrical indentations on the surface, in the corresponding calyx the mucosa is thickened, porcelain white, the parenchyma is thin, replaced by scar tissue.
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11
Q

Colour and features in shock kidney

A

The surface is pale, the cortex is pale (widened), and the medulla is deep red.

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12
Q

Primary tumour in the kidney

A

There is a … cm large, round, well circumscribed, yellowish tissue with necrotic / haemorrhagic areas.

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13
Q

What is the normal weight of the brain?

A

1200-1250g

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14
Q

How should the meninges and the external part of the brain look like?

A
  • Translucid, the gyri and the sulci are normal. The brain arteries have membranous walls; their lumen is free.
  • The hemispheres are symmetrical
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15
Q

Normal thickness of the cortex of the brain, how is the consistency?

A
  • Cortex thickness – 5 mm

- Brain tissue is soft, the structure is preserved

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16
Q

How should the ventricles in the brain look like?

A

Normal in diameter, filled with water-clear CSF

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17
Q

Brain edema: what is it, how does the brain look like and how is the consistency? Is there any special things we have to look for?

A
  • Cerebral edema or cerebral oedema is excess accumulation of fluid in the intracellular or extracellular spaces of the brain.
  • The meninges are edematous, hyperemic
  • The gyri are flattened, wide,the sulci are narrow and shallow. The blood spots dissipate. The tissue has a soft consistency.
  • There is a significant impression on the cerebellar tonsillae (=cerebellarherniation).
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18
Q

Brain: What type of infarct do we have and how does a acute and old infarct look like?

A

Liquefactive necrosis (or colliquative necrosis) is a type of necrosis which results in a transformation of the tissue into a liquid viscous mass. In liquefactive necrosis, the affected cell is completely digested by hydrolytic enzymes, resulting in a soft, circumscribed lesion consisting of pus and the fluid remains of necrotic tissue. Dead leukocytes will remain as a creamy yellow pus. After the removal of cell debris by white blood cells, a fluid filled space is left. Loss of tissue architecture means that the tissue can be liquefied. This process is not associated with bacterial action or infection. The affected area is soft with liquefied centre containing necrotic debris. Later, a cyst wall is formed.

  • Acute: there is a … cm irregular area, where the tissue is semifluid/very soft. The hemispheres are asymmetrical. There is hemorrhage on the edge of the lesion.
  • Old: there is a … cm roundish, cystic cavity, filled with soft, yellowish mass/transparent fluid in the… area.
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19
Q

Brain haemorrhage: What kind of haemorrhages do we have and how does the brain look like after it?

A

A brain hemorrhage is a type of stroke. It’s caused by an artery in the brain bursting and causing localized bleeding in the surrounding tissues. This bleeding kills brain cells.

Types:

  • Parenchymatous: there is a … cm roundish area in the central region that is filled with coagulated blood. (The blood continues in the ventricles.)
  • Subarachnoidal: there is superficial bleeding on the basal area of the cerebellum-pons cerebrum, covered by pia mater.
  • Epidural: there is …. cm hematoma between theskull and the dura mater.
  • Subdural: there is …. cm hematoma between the dura materand the pia mater.
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20
Q

Types of brain tumours (general):

A
  • Primary brain tumor: there is a …large poorly circumscribed soft grayish-yellovishmass in the white substance of the cerebrum. The hemispheres are asymmetrical.
  • Metastatic brain tumor: there are multiple well circumscribed nodules in thecerebrum/cerebellum.
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21
Q

What is the name we use when there is a benign tumor of the meninges?

A

Meningioma

  • there is a … cm firm, grayish-whitenodule in connection with the meninges/dura in the … region, which causes animpression in the underlying brain tissue. On cut surface, it is made up of whorlystrands of grayish-white tissue.
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22
Q

Normal description of the intestine (small and large)

A
  • The small intestines are normal in diameter, there is normal intestinal content in thelumen. The wall is normal in thickness, the rugae are preserved, and the mucosa is pale. The serosa is smooth, shiny and glistening.
  • The large intestines are normal in diameter, the lumen contains lumps of faeces. Therugae are preserved, the mucosa is pale. The serosa is smooth, shiny and glistening.The appendix is … cm long, the structure is preserved.
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23
Q

Common alterations in the intestine

A
  • Meckel diverticulum: there is a … cm pouch in the ileum, covered by shiny serosa
  • Diverticulosis: there are multiple small mucosal pouches containing impacted faecesin the (sigmoid) colon.
  • Acute appendicitis: the serosa of the appendix is hyperemic/bright red. (There is aperforation on the appendix; an easily removable, thin grayish layer/pus/coagulated blood covers the serosa.
  • Sessile polyp: there is a … cm roundish (villous), grayish-brown outgrowth of themucosa.
  • Pedunculated polyp: there is a … cm round outgrowth of the mucosa, that has a …mm stem/stalk.
  • Ulcerative colitis: (The lumen is dilated.) the mucosa has large, shallow, ulceratedareas. There are polypoid mucosal outgrowths on the edges of the ulcers (pseudopolyps).
  • Crohn’s disease: the lumen is narrow, the wall is thickened, fibrotic. The mucosa ishyperemic, deep longitudinal fissures result in a cobblestone appearance. (There arefistulas connecting to intraabdomial abscesses and / or other intestinal loops.)
  • Colorectal carcinoma: on the mucosa there is an exulcerated/polypoid (cauliflowerlike)….cm long segment that has raised edges, that cause no / partial/ completeobstruction of the lumen. On the cut surface there is a grayish-white tissue infiltratingthe wall of the bowel, it involves / does not involve the serosal and the perirectal /pericolic fat tissue.
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24
Q

What is the general order to follow regarding organ description?

A 
•	Size
o	Is determined by comparison with normal body and organ size. The body size is always given in weight and the size of lesions should always be given in centimeters. 
•	Surface
•	Color
o	Form, transparency, luster (dry or moist), surface apperance (smooth, irregular) and the consistency of an organ are all perceived by the eye. 
•	Consistency
•	Inner contents
•	Special structure

Sick Surfer Can Cum Inside my Special Structure.

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25
Q

Which order should you follow within the organ complexes?

A
  • Circulation
  • Respiration
  • Digestion
  • Urinary tract
  • Other (genital, endocrine… )

Can Rebekka Digest urine and other things?

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26
Q

What is the normal size of the heart?

A

• Around 300-350 g (but it depends on the body weight)

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27
Q

How would you describe the pericardium?

A

• Smooth, shiny and glistening. And the pericardial fat is of usual amount.

28
Q

Which order should you describe the heart in?

A 
•	Follow the blood circulation
o	Right atrium
o	Right ventricle
o	Pulmonary trunk
o	Left atrium
o	Left ventricle
o	Aorta
29
Q

How would you describe a normal right atrium?

A
  • Normal in diameter, it is free, and the inner surface is smooth.
  • The foramen ovale is closed (Take the backside of the forceps and check).
  • The auricle is free.
  • The circumference of the tricuspid valve is normal, the cusps are thin, membranous and freely movable. The chordae tendinae are thin, thread-like.
30
Q

How would you describe a normal right ventricle?

A
  • Normal in diameter, it is free, and the inner surface is smooth.
  • Normal thickness (3-5mm)
  • The cirumfeerence of the pulmonary valve is normal, and the cusps are thin, membranous and freely movable.

• The cut surface of the myocardium is reddish-brown, the consistency is rubbery, and the muscle structure is preserved.

31
Q

Pulmonary trunk

A

• Normal in diameter, the lumen is free, and the inner surface is ivory.

32
Q

How would you describe a normal left atrium

A
  • Normal in diameter, it is free, and the inner surface is smooth.
  • The diameter of the bicuspid valve is normal the cusps are thin, membranous and freely movable.
  • The chordae tendinae are thin, thread-like
  • The papillary muscles are cylindrical.
33
Q

How would you describe a normal left ventricle

A
  • Normal in diameter (10-14mm), it is free, and the inner surface is smooth.
  • The circumference of the aortic valve is normal the cusps are thin, membranous and freely movable.

• The cut surface of the myocardium is reddish-brown, the consistency is rubbery, and the muscle structure is preserved.

34
Q

Aorta

A

• Normal diameter, the lumen is free, and the inner surface is ivory.
• Check the RCA and the LCA.
• Then check if the patient is right dominant or left dominant.
o The diameter of the dominant may be thicker
o The artery that supplies the posterior descending artery, determines the coronary dominance. If it is supplied by the RCA = R. dominant. If supplied by the circumflex artery = left. dominant
• The diameter of the circumflex, anterior descending and right coronary is normal, the lumen is free. The inner surface is ivory.

35
Q

What are the common alterations in the heart?

A

• Adipose infiltration: the pericardial fat is increased in amount, penetrates deeply between the muscle strands. (Usually seen in the anterior wall of the right ventricle.) Hypoxic parenchymal degeneration: the muscle is light brown, muscle structure is indistinct, and the consistency is flaccid.
• Atherosclerosis (aorta, coronaries): there are numerous…mm sized (confluent) yellowish/ butter yellow, firm/calcified/ulcerated plaques (with thrombosis on/hemorrhage in the plaques) on the inner surface. (These cause a ..% narrowing of the lumen.)
• Myocardial infarction (acute, more than 24 hrs old): on the cut surface of the …(area: anterior wall, etc.) of the myocardium there is a … cm sized mainly subendocardial /transmural asymmetrical /map like, clay-yellow/reddish area with hemorrhagic edges.
• Optional: There is a grayish easily removable material on the pericardium of this area (acute fibrinous pericarditis)
There is a …sized thrombus on the endocardium of this area (mural thrombosis-rare).
• Myocardial infarction (old): on the cut surface of the..area of the myocardium there is a .. cm sized whitish scar tissue. (
• Optional: The lumen is dilated, the wall is thin (aneurysm)
• Acute endocarditis: Infective: large, smooth, grayish-yellowish thrombi on the valves (=vegetation). Valve destruction is common. Non infective: small, grayish thrombi on the edge of the valves (=sterile vegetation). No valve destruction.
• Chronic endocarditis (rheumatic): the….valves are thickened, destruated, calcified, not movable, the valve is stenotic.

36
Q

What is the normal weight of the lung?

A

700 g together

37
Q

How would you describe the pleura of the lung?

A

• smooth, shiny and glistening.

38
Q

How would you describe the lung?

A
  • The cut surface is reddish, the consistency is elastic, and the air bubbles can be felt.
  • Pressing the cut surface results in a small amount of deep red bubbly/frothy fluid.
  • The arteries are normal in diameter, the lumen is free. The inner surface is ivory.
  • The bronchi are normal in diameter (which means, the lumen of a single bronchus is detectable not more than the 2/3 of the hilus-pleura distance), the lumen is free, and the mucosa is grayish-white/pale.
39
Q

What are the common alterations in the lung?

A
  • Atelectasis: the … area(s) of the lung is/are collapsed, the consistency is muscle-like.
  • Edema: the lungs are heavy, the consistency is firm elastic, large amount of bubbly/frothy fluid can be pressed out of the cut surface.
  • Emphysema: the parenchyma is light red, the consistency is soft.
  • Optional: There are … number, …cm sized air filled bullae in the periphery of the lobe (bullous emphysema).
  • Lung infarct: There is a wedge-shaped, subpleural… cm sized firm, deep red area on the cut surface. There is a grayish white, easily removable layer on the pleural side of the infarction.
  • Lobar pneumonia: the … lobe is homogenously grayish-red; the consistency is like that of the liver. The parenchyma is friable/fragile.
  • Bronchopneumonia: the … area of the lung is deep red with yellowish foci(=pus), the parenchyma is friable/fragile. Pus can be pressed out of this cut surface.
  • Lung abscess: there is a … cm roundish cavity in the parenchyma partly filled with thick, yellowish pus.
  • Primary lung tumor Central: there is an asymmetrically infiltrating, grayish-white, firm tissue mass in connection with one of the main bronchi.
40
Q

common peripheral alterations in the lung

A
  • Metastatic lung tumor: there are multiple … to … cm roundish grayish-white foreign tissue nodules in the parenchyma.
  • Acute purulent bronchitis: the mucosa is bright red, the lumen contains a large amount of mucinous-purulent secretion.
  • Bronchiectasis: the lumen is dilated, the bronchi can be dissected up until the pleura.
  • Pulmonarsclerosis: on the inner surface of the arteries there are … number, … mm sized yellowish plaques.
  • Pulmonary embolism: the lumen of the primary/secondary/tertiary artery is occluded by a grayish-redish embolus, with rubbery consistency and dull surface.
41
Q

What is the normal weight of the spleen?

A

150g

42
Q

How would you describe the surface of the spleen?

A
  • The surface is smooth, shiny and glistening
  • the capsule is thin, it can be wrinkled. The cut surface is deep red, the consistency is normal, there is no /minimal amount of scrape-off.
43
Q

What are the common alterations in the spleen?

A

• Hyaline spleen (chronic perisplenitis): thick, confluent plaques thicken the capsule.
• Acute congestion: Slightly enlarged, capsule is tight, not wrinkable, moderate scrape- off.
• Chronic congestion: The spleen is enlarged, parenchyma is firm, fibrotic, no scrape- off.
• Uremia, brain hemorrhage, and autolysis: the size of the spleen is normal, the parenchyma is soft, and there is a large amount of scrape-off.
Sepsis: the spleen is enlarged, the parenchyma is soft, and there is a large amount of scrape-off.
• Lymphoma/leukemia infiltration: the spleen is greatly enlarged.
• Optional: There are multiple 0,5-1 mm, white nodules diffusely in the parenchyma.

44
Q

What organs is a part of the neck complex?

A

Aorta and branches, larynx, trachea, esophagus, thyroid gland

45
Q

How would you describe the aorta in the neck complex?

What are the common alterations?

A

The aorta is normal in diameter, the lumen is free, and the inner surface is ivory. The carotids are normal in diameter, the lumens are free, and the inner surfaces are ivory. The bifurcation is free.

Alterations:
Atheroscelrosis

46
Q

How would you describe larynx and what are the common alterations?

A

The larynx is normal in diameter, the lumen is free. The vocal cords are normal.

Alterations:
• Inflammation (laringitis/tracheitis): the mucosa is red.
• Optional: fibrinous/purulent exsudation.
• Intubation decubitus: there are… number deep ulcers penetrating to the level of/destroying the cartilage. The surrounding mucosa is hyperemic.
• Larynx primary tumor:
o Papilloma: there is one/multiple papillary … cm growth on the mucosal surface.
o Carcinoma: there is a … cm exulcerated area with raised edges in the area of (vocal cords, etc.) on the right/left side. On cut surface firm, grayish- white tissue infiltrates the wall, involving/ not involving the cartilage underneath.

47
Q

how would you describe the normal esophagus and what are the common alterations?

A

The esophagus is normal in diameter, the lumen is free, the mucosa is pale.

Alterations:
• Varicosity: at the lower third of the esophagus, dilated, tortuous veins are visible through the mucosa. Optional: One of the veins has ruptured, this area is covered with blood clots.
• GERD (gastro-esophageal reflux disease): there are confluent reddish patches on the mucosa in the lower third of the esophagus.

48
Q

How would you describe a normal thyroid gland and what are the common alterations?

A

The thyroid is normal in size (~20 g, not weighed routinely), the cut surface is reddish-brown, glandular, has a colloid shine. The parathyroids are not visible.

Alterations:
• Diffuse goiter: both lobes are enlarged.
• Nodular goiter: the lobes are enlarged, consist of nodules of various size, separated by strands of grayish-white connective tissue. The nodules have a colloid shine, some have calcified/fibrotic/hemorrhagic areas, and some are cystic (=colloid cyst).
• Adenoma: solitary, encapsulated nodule.
• Carcinoma (papillary): poorly circumscribed-infiltrative, very hard, gray mass. Optional: small foci of calcification.

49
Q

how would you describe the normal trachea?

A

The trachea is free, normal in diameter, the mucosa is pale.

50
Q

What are the organs/structure you can find in the pelvis complex?

A

Rectum, bladder, ureters, uterus, fallopian tubes, ovaries/prostate

51
Q

How would you orient the pelvic complex?

A
  • If you have a male, find the prostate → then you know that the bladder will be above this. Turn the specimen around 180 degrees to find the rectum. Start with explaining digestive → urinary then prostate
  • If you have a female it can be a bit more tricky. Remember that the color of the rectum is more brownish than of the bladder. Then you know that the uterus is behind the bladder.
52
Q

How would you describe a normal rectum and what are the common alterations?

A

The rectum is normal in diameter, the lumen contains faces. The mucosa is pale.

Alterations:
• Polyp, carcinoma: see above.
• Hemorrhoids: dilated, polypoid veins, filled by thrombi.

53
Q

How would you describe a normal urinary bladder and what are the common alterations?

A

The bladder is normal in size, filled with clear, yellowish fluid, the mucosa is pale.

Alterations:
• Acute urocystitis: the mucosa is reddish, the lumen contains murky, yellowish fluid. (catheter: there are multiple, circumscribed, 2-3 mm hemorrhages on the mucosa of the trigone / posterior wall.
• Carcinoma: there is a … cm sized papillary (partly necrotic, partly hemorrhagic) outgrowth from the mucosa.

54
Q

How would you describe normal ureters?

A

The ureters are normal in diameter, the lumens are free, and the mucosa is pale.

55
Q

How would you describe a normal uterus and what are the common alterations?

A
  • The uterus is normal in size, the surface of the exocervix is smooth, pale, the external orifice of the cervical canal is round/ fissure-like/ stellate shaped.
  • The endometrium and myometrium are normal in thickness, the myometrium is rubbery.

Alterations:
• Carcinoma of the cervix: there is a … cm large polypoid / exophytic outgrowth on the cervix, the surface is exulcerated. The cut surface is grayish-white, the tumor invades the tissue of the portio.
• Uterine leiomyoma: there is a submucosal/intramural/subserosal … cm grayish-white, firm nodule in the uterus. The cut surface has a whorly appearance.
• Endometrial carcinoma: the endometrium is thickened, there are polypoid projections in the lumen. On the cut surface grayish-white tissue invades the wall of the uterus.

56
Q

How would you describe a normal fallopian tubes/ovaries and what are the common alterations?

A

• The fallopian tubes are thin; the ovaries are of normal size (3 x 2 x 1,5 cm). The cut surface is yellowish- white, corpora lutei or albicantes can be seen.

Alterations:
• Hydrosalpinx: the lumen of the fallopian tube is dilated, filled with clear fluid.
• Pyosalpinx: the lumen of the fallopian tube is dilated, filled with pus.
• Ovarian cyst: there are … number, … cm large cavities with thin wall in the ovary, containing clear / yellowish / brownish fluid.
• Cystic tumor of the ovary: there is/are … number unilocular / multilocular cysts in the … ovary/ both ovaries. (There are papillary projections in the lumen and/or on the outer surface of the cysty.) The cysts contain serous / mucinous fluid.

57
Q

How would you describe a normal prostate and what are the common alterations?

A

• The prostate is normal in size, the cut surface is yellowish-white, has a glandular structure, the consistency is muscle-like.

Alterations:
• Nodular hyperplasia: the prostate is enlarged, on cut surface the parenchyma is made up of … cm elastic nodules.
• Adenocarcioma of the prostate: the… side of the prostate is asymmetrically enlarged. There is a poorly circumscribed, homogenous, firm, grayish-white tissue infiltrating the surrounding soft tissues.

58
Q

How would do describe a normal vagina?

A

• The vagina is normal in diameter, the lumen is free, and the mucosa is grayish white.

*The female genital tract corresponds to age in size and development.

59
Q

What organs can we find in the liver complex and in which order do we check them?

A

1: Aorta and vena cava (look at vena hepaticae!)
2: Suprarenal gland
3: Esophagus, stomach and duodenum
4: Galbladder and ducts
5: Pancreas
6: Liver

60
Q

How should Aorta and IVC look like normally? Is there any common alterations in the aorta?

A

o The aorta is normal in diameter, the lumen is free, and the inner surface is ivory. The orifices of the larger branches are free.
o The inferior vena cava is normal in diameter, the lumen is free, and the inner surface is pearly. The hepatic veins are free.

Alterations:
o Atherosclerosis
o Atherosclerotic aneurysm: the lumen of the aorta is dilated (generally between the level of the a. renalis and the bifurcation), Saccular: the dilatation ia spherical in shape and involve only a portion of the vessel wall. Fusiform: the dilatation affect the total circumference. Optional: the layers of the wall are separated; coagulated blood fills the space between them (dissected aneurysm).
o Leriche-syndrome: below the levels of the renal arteries multiple ulcerated plaques cover the surface. There is thrombus formation on the plaques, which completely occludes/severely narrows the lumen of (the aorta) both iliacs.
o Mural thrombosis (generally associated with aneurysm): there is a layered/… cm large thrombus attached to the inner surface.
o Budd-Chiari syndrome: the lumens of the hepatic veins are occluded by thrombi.

61
Q

Description of the suprarenal glands. Remember the 5 finger rule? Any common abnormalities?

A

o Both adrenals are normal in size (combined ~10 g, not weighed routinely), have 1-2 mm thick sulfur yellow-brownish cortex and a gray medulla.
o 5 finger rule: Easy way to find the adrenal gland. 2nd and 3rd index finger is at IVC and aorta, respectively. Ring finger on pancreas. 1st and 5th finger on both adrenal glands.
o Cortical hyperplasia: the cortex of the adrenals is nodular/uniformly thickened.
o Adenoma: in the … adrenal there is a … cm, round, sulfur yellow nodule, that is in connection with the cortex.
o Phaeochromocytoma: there is a … cm, soft, grayish brown tumor in connection with the medulla.
o Metastasis: necrotic, firm, grayish tumor mass, often destructs the whole gland.

62
Q

Stomach description (normally) and its common alterations

A

The stomach is normal in diameter, the wall is normal in thickness, the lumen contains small amount of partly digested food. The rugae are preserved, the mucosa Is pale. The pylorus is normal in diameter.

Alterations:
o Erosion: on the mucosa there are multiple, small, shallow cavities, the base arecovered by partly digested (coffee-like) blood.
o Peptic ulcer:
♣ Acute: there is a … cm big, roundish, deep cavity (generally in the antrum-pylorus region). The base of the ulcer is covered by digested blood (coffeelike).
♣ Chronic: the base of the ulcer is lined by mucosa, the wall is fibrotic.8
o Carcinoma:
♣ Intestinal type: on the mucosa there is a … cm asymmetrical ulcerated area with raised edges / asymmetrical polypoid outgrowth into the lumen.
♣ Diffuse type: the wall is firm, thickened (=linitis plastica). On cut surface there is a grayish white tissue involving the whole thickness of the wall. Sometimes no visible ulcer is present.

63
Q

Description of duodenum

A

The duodenum is normal in diameter, the lumen is free, the mucosa is bile colored

64
Q

Description of the bile ducts and the gallbladder. Common alterations

A

The bile ducts are normal in diameter, the lumen is free, the mucosa is yellowish-green.

The gallbladder is normal in diameter, contains bile. The mucosa is velvety, bile colored

Alterations
o Choledocholithiasis: there is a … mm mixed / cholesterol/ pigment stone causing total / partial obstruction of the lumen. The duct proximal to the obstruction is dilated.
o Cholecystolithiasis: there is a … mm mixed / cholesterol/ pigment stone in the lumen.
o Cholesterolosis: there is a golden yellow, filamentous pattern on the mucosa.
o Carcinoma: the wall of the gallbladder is thickened by grayish white tissue, which extends continually to the liver.

65
Q

Description of the pancreas (normal) and common alterations

A

The pancreas is normal in size, reddish gray, glandular.

Alterations
o Acute pancreatitis: the pancreas is swollen, has many foci of chalk white material (fatnecrosis).
o Acute hemorrhagic pancreatitis: the pancreas is swollen, has many foci of chalk white material (fat necrosis), there are many confluent foci of hemorrhage in the parenchyma.
o Chronic pancreatitis: the pancreas is smaller, the consistency is firm, yellowish gray.
o Optional: pseudocyst: in the pancreas there are … cm round cavity filled with yellowish fluid / necrotic material.
o Carcinoma: there is a poorly circumscribed/infiltrative, firm, grayish-white area inthe head/body/tail of the pancreas.

66
Q

Normal description and size of the liver and common alterations

A

The liver is 1500 g; the surface is smooth, shiny, glistening. The edge is sharp. The cut surface is reddish-brown, lobular.

Alterations
o Chronic congestion: the liver is enlarged, the edges are rounded, and the cut surface has a nutmeg pattern.
o Fatty degeneration: the liver is enlarged, the edges are rounded, the cut surface issoft, yellow.
o Cirrhosis: the liver is small / enlarged, the surface is uneven. On the cut surface thewhole parenchyma consists of 2-3 mm (=micronodular) or 1-2 cm (=macronodular) nodules. The consistency is firm, the cut surface is yellowish / greenish.
o Hepatocellular carcinoma (generally in cirrhotic liver): there is a large/ there aremany … cm light brown / greenish, partly hemorrhagic nodule in the parenchyma. The edge is lobulated; the consistency is soft.
o Hepatic metastasis: there are … number … cm, well-circumscribed, partly confluent, firm, grayish-white nodules (with necrotic center) in the parenchyma.

Pathology: 2nd department (5 decks)

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