Definitions

Question 1

Neoplasia

Answer 1

Neo + plasia = New + growth

Neoplasm is an abnormal growth of tissue, and, when it also forms a mass, is commonly referred to as a tumor. This abnormal growth (neoplasia) usually but not always forms a mass.

WHO classifies neoplasms into four main groups:
1 - Benign neoplasms
2 - In situ neoplasms
3 - Malignant neoplasms
4 - Neoplasms of uncertain or unknown behavior

Malignant neoplasms are also simply known as cancers.

Prior to the abnormal growth of tissue, as neoplasia, cells often undergo an abnormal pattern of growth, such as metaplasia or dysplasia. However, metaplasia or dysplasia does not always progress to neoplasia

Question 2

Tumor

Answer 2

Swelling

Question 3

Dysplasia

Answer 3

Dysplasia (dys- = “bad” or “difficult” and plasis- = “formation”) is an ambiguous term used in pathology to refer to an abnormality of development or an epithelial anomaly of growth and differentiation (epithelial dysplasia).

Dysplasia is premalignant condition

Features:

• Increased N/C ratio
• Irregular nuclear membrane
• Hyperchromasia

Question 4

Cachexia and cancer cachexia

Answer 4

Cachexia ( kakos = “bad” and hexis = “condition”) or wasting syndrome is loss of weight, muscle atrophy, fatigue, weakness, and significant loss of appetite in someone who is not actively trying to lose weight. The formal definition of cachexia is the loss of body mass that cannot be reversed nutritionally: Even if the affected patient eats more calories, lean body mass will be lost, indicating a primary pathology is in place.

The exact mechanism in which these diseases cause cachexia is poorly understood, but there is probably a role for inflammatory cytokines, such as tumor necrosis factor-alpha (which is also nicknamed ‘cachexin’ or ‘cachectin’), interferon gamma and interleukin 6, as well as the tumor-secreted proteolysis-inducing factor.

Question 5

Abscess

Answer 5

Localised form of acute purulent inflammation forming a pus filled cavity.

Purulent inflammation: Inflammation resulting in large amount of pus, which consists of neutrophils, dead cells, and fluid

Question 6

Pus

Answer 6

Pus is an exudate, typically white-yellow, yellow, or yellow-brown, formed at the site of inflammation during bacterial or fungal infection. An accumulation of pus in an enclosed tissue space is known as an abscess, whereas a visible collection of pus within or beneath the epidermis is known as a pustule, pimple, or spot.

Question 7

Adenocarcinoma

Answer 7

Malignant tumor of glandular epithelium

Question 8

Adenoma

Answer 8

Benign tumor of glandular epithelium

Question 9

Adhesion

Answer 9

Abnormal band of connective tissue fixing serosal membranes to each other

Question 10

Agenesis

Answer 10

Failure of an organ to form during embryogenesis

Question 11

AMYLOIDOSIS

Answer 11

Abnormal accumulation of specific extracellular proteins causing hardening, enlargement and malfunction of the involved organs

Staining: Congo red

Question 12

ANAPLASIA

Answer 12

Lack of differentiation in malignant tumors

Question 13

ANEURYSM

Answer 13

Abnormal permanent dilatation of a blood vessel or part of a heart chamber

Question 14

APLASIA

Answer 14

Failure of growth of a tissue

Question 15

APOPTOSIS

Answer 15

Programmed cell death, occuring in normal or pathological individual cells

Question 16

ARTERIOSCLEROSIS

Answer 16

Hardening of the arteries caused by any condition

Question 17

ARTERITIS

Answer 17

Inflammation primarily within the wall of arteries

Question 18

ASCITES

Answer 18

Transudate in the peritoneal cavity

Question 19

ATELECTASIS

Answer 19

Failure of alveolar expand, resulting firm consistency (increased lung density)

Question 20

ATHEROSCLEROSIS

Answer 20

Hardening of the arteries caused by lipid accumulation in the intima

Question 21

ATRESIA

Answer 21

Embryological failure of lumen formation in normally hollow organs or ducts

Question 22

ATROPHY

Answer 22

Pathological or physiological cellular or organ shrinkage. Size/weight of cell and organ is decreased.

Physiological: Breast, thymus, uterus, ovarium

Pathological - 2 main types: Local and general

Question 23

ATYPIA

Answer 23

Change of normal cellular appearance due to reactive or mainly neoplastic processes

Question 24

AUTOLYSIS

Answer 24

Digestion of tissue by the enzymes contained within it

Question 25

Metaplasia

Answer 25

A mature tissue type replaced by an other tissue type, usually because of some kind of irritation.

Question 26

Ischemia

Answer 26

Ischemia is a restriction in blood supply to tissues

Question 27

Hypoxia

Answer 27

Hypoxia is a condition in which the body or a region of the body is deprived of adequate oxygen supply at the tissue leve

Question 28

Hemosiderin

Answer 28

Hemosiderin or haemosiderin is an iron-storage complex. It is only found within cells (as opposed to circulating in blood) and appears to be a complex of ferritin, denatured ferritin and other material

Use “Perls’ Prussian-blue” stain ;)

Question 29

Purulent inflammation

Answer 29

An acute form of exudative inflammation in which the enzymes produced by white blood cells cause liquefaction of the affected tissues, resulting in the formation of pus. Also called suppurative inflammation .

Question 30

Purulent inflammation

Answer 30

An acute form of exudative inflammation in which the enzymes produced by white blood cells cause liquefaction of the affected tissues, resulting in the formation of pus. Also called suppurative inflammation .

Question 31

Lipofuscin

Answer 31

“Derived through lipid peroxidation of lipids of subcellular membranes.”

Finely granular yellow-brown pigment granules composed of lipid-containing residues of lysosomal digestion. It is considered to be one of the aging or “wear-and-tear” pigments, found in the liver, kidney, heart muscle, retina, adrenals, nerve cells, and ganglion cells. It is specifically arranged around the nucleus, and is a type of lipochrome.

It appears to be the product of the oxidation of unsaturated fatty acids and may be symptomatic of membrane damage, or damage to mitochondria and lysosomes. Aside from a large lipid content, lipofuscin is known to contain sugars and metals, including mercury, aluminum, iron, copper and zinc

Question 32

Polymorphism

Question 33

Hyperemia

Answer 33

Hyperaemia or hyperemia is the increase of blood flow to different tissues in the body. It can have medical implications, but is also a regulatory response, allowing change in blood supply to different tissues through vasodilation. Clinically, hyperaemia in tissues manifest as erythema, because of the engorgement of vessels with oxygenated blood. Hyperaemia can also occur due to a fall in atmospheric pressure outside the body.

Active and passive

Question 34

Fibrous inflammation

Answer 34

Fibrinous Inflammation is a general morphological pattern of inflammation, whether acute or chronic. Fibrinous inflammation occurs when there is more extensive leakage of fluid from vasculature, thus allowing for passage of large plasma proteins, especially fibrinogen into tissue. If the leakage is small, much of the escaped fibrinogen will be removed during the resolution phase of inflammation. However, if leakage is extensive, the mass of fibrinogen is left in place and remodeled, ultimately evolving into fibrosis.

Question 35

Pyogen

Answer 35

a pus-producing microorganism

Question 36

Empyema

Answer 36

An empyema (from Greek ἐμπύημα, “abscess”) is a collection or gathering of pus within a naturally existing anatomical cavity. For example, pleural empyema is empyema of the pleural cavity. It must be differentiated from an abscess, which is a collection of pus in a newly formed cavity.

Question 37

Sarcoidosis

Answer 37

Sarcoidosis is a disease involving abnormal collections of inflammatory cells that form lumps known as granulomas.

Question 38

Langerhans giant cells

Answer 38

Langhans giant cells (also known as Pirogov-Langhans cells) are large cells found in granulomatous conditions.

They are formed by the fusion of epithelioid cells (macrophages), and contain nuclei arranged in a horseshoe-shaped pattern in the cell periphery

Although traditionally their presence was associated with tuberculosis, they are not specific for tuberculosis or even for mycobacterial disease. In fact, they are found in nearly every form of granulomatous disease, regardless of etiology.

Question 39

Lipophagic giant cell

Answer 39

Touton giant cell (high lipid content)

Question 40

Carcinoma in situ (In situ carcinoma)

Answer 40

“Pre cancer”

Question 41

Mitotic figure

Answer 41

The microscopic appearance of a cell undergoing mitosis; a cell with the chromosomes that are visible by the light microscope.

Question 42

Virchows lymph node

Answer 42

Left supreclavicular LN for gastric cancer

Question 43

The batson veins

Answer 43

The Batson venous plexus (Batson veins) is a network of valveless veins in the human body that connect the deep pelvic veins and thoracic veins (draining the inferior end of the urinary bladder, breast and prostate) to the internal vertebral venous plexuses. Because of their location and lack of valves, they are believed to provide a route for the spread of cancer metastases. These metastases commonly arise from cancer of the pelvic organs such as the rectum and prostate and may spread to the vertebral column or brain. There is less evidence of spread of cancers from extra-pelvic origins, such as lung cancer.