Org Chem Flashcards
Alkanes can react with halogens in the presence of UV light to form an acid and a substituted alkane (a haloalkane).
Free radical substitution
is called a concerted reaction. No matter how many bonds are broken or formed, a starting material is converted directly to a product.
one-step reaction
a carbon atom surrounded by only six electrons; is an electrophile
Carbocation
is the minimum amount of energy needed to break bonds in the reactants. It represents an energy barrier that must be overcome for a reaction to occur.
Energy of activation
The angle that separates a bond on one atom from a bond on an adjacent atom is called a
dihedral angle
a negatively charged carbon atom; is a nucleophile
Carbanion
The C-H bonds on one carbon bisect the H-C-H bond angle on the adjacent carbon.
Staggered conformation
The C-H bonds on one carbon are directly aligned with the C-H bonds on the adjacent carbon.
Eclipsed conformation
breaking a bond by unequal division of electrons between the two atoms in the bond. Electrons normally end up on the more electronegative atom.
Heterolysis or heterolytic cleavage
X atom is bonded to the carbon atom adjacent to a carbon-carbon double bond.
Allylic halides
are nucleophiles because they contain a carbon with a lone pair.
Carbanions
is a reaction in which elements of the starting material are “lost” and a pi bond is formed. These reactions are the complete opposite of addition reactions.
Elimination
Physical properties of alkyl halides
- Weakly polar molecules
2.Dipole-dipole interactions because of their polar cx bond - Incapable of intermolecular hydrogen bonding because the rest of the molecule contains only CC & CH bonds
A staggered conformation with two larger groups of 180° from each other is called
anti
Shows movement of an electron pair
Full-headed curved arrow
is an increase in energy resulting when atoms are forced too close to one another.
Steric strain
Is produced by a giant kelp and algae and also found in emissions from volcanoes such as Hawaii’s Kilauea
Chloromethane
X atom is bonded to the carbon atom adjacent to a benzene ring.
Benzylic halides
is a substance that speeds up the rate of a reaction.
is recovered unchanged in a reaction, and it does not appear in the product.
catalyst
X atom is bonded to a carbon-carbon double bond.
Vinyl halides
Drawn between the starting materials and products in an equation
Reaction arrow
breaking a bond by equal division of electrons between the two atoms in the bond.
Homolysis or homolytic cleavage
Is an important solvent, once used to decaffeinate coffee.
Dichloromethane
Shows movement of a single electron
Half-headed curved arrow
The energy difference between the transition state and the starting material is called
the energy of activation, symbolized by Ea
involves more than one step. A starting material is first converted to an unstable intermediate, called a reactive intermediate, which then goes on to form the product.
stepwise reaction
are highly unstable because they contain an atom that does not have an octet of electrons.
Radicals
- are aliphatic hydrocarbons having only C-C and C-H sigma bonds
- can be categorized as cyclic or acyclic
Alkanes
are organic molecules containing a halogen atom X bonded to an sp3 hybridized carbon atom.
Alkyl Halides
is the energy needed to homolytically cleave a covalent bond to form two radicals.
Bond Dissociation Energy
contain carbons joined together in one or more rings. Their general formula is CnH2n.
Cycloalkanes
Drawn between resonance structures
Double-headed arrow
is a compound secreted by cockroaches. It is a pheromone, a chemical substance used for communication in an animal species, commonly among insects.
Undecane
are electrophiles because they contain an electron-deficient carbon.
Radicals and carbocations
is the slowest step of a chemical reaction that determines the speed at which the overall reaction proceeds.
rate determining step
generates charged intermediates called ions.
Heterolysis
Is a safe general anesthetic that has now replaced other organic anesthetics such as CHCL3 which causes liver and kidney damage
Halothane
generates uncharged reactive intermediates with unpaired electron called radicals.
Homolysis
The energy absorbed or released in any reaction is called
the enthalpy change or heat of reaction.
are organic molecules containing a halogen atom X bonded to an sp3 hybridized carbon atom.
can be classified as primary, secondary or tertiary.
Alkyl Halides (R-X)
A staggered conformation with two larger groups of 60° from each other is called
gauche
is a reaction in which an atom or a group of atoms is replaced by another atom or group of atoms.
Substitution
have the molecular formula CnH2n+2. Also called saturated hydrocarbons because they have the maximum number of hydrogen atoms per carbon.
Acyclic alkanes
Drawn between the starting materials and products in an equilibrium equation
Double reaction arrows
are different arrangements of atoms that are interconverted by rotation about single bonds.
Conformations
is a reaction in which elements are added to a starting material. These reactions occur when two reactants add together to form a single product with no atoms “left over”.
Addition
X atom is bonded to a benzene ring.
Aryl halides
is one of the components in mangoes.
cyclohexane
