Orbitals

Question 1

does all light travel at the same velocity?

Answer 1

yes

Question 2

speed of light units

Answer 2

c

3.00E8 ms-1

Question 3

what is radiation measured in?

Answer 3

wavelength in meters and frequency in Hz or s-1

Question 4

relationship between frequency and wavelength

Answer 4

wavelength x frequency = c

Question 5

define amplitude

Answer 5

intensity of radiation, measure of strength of light

Question 6

higher the frequency

Answer 6

the smaller the wavelength

Question 7

what are quanta?

Answer 7

packets that energy come in

• the minimum amount certain properties of a system can change
• photons (when referring to light) are particle like interpretation of light waves

Question 8

equations for photons, energy and frequency

Answer 8

energy = planks constant x frequency

energy = (planks constant x c)/wavelength

Question 9

light has properties of….

Answer 9

quanta and waves

Question 10

what is planks constant?

Answer 10

6.63e-34 J

Question 11

passing light through a gas and then a prism:

Answer 11

• spectrum of colour with dark lines

- absorbing light at specific wavelengths causing darkness

Question 12

excited gas emitting light:

Answer 12

• coloured lines at specific wavelengths

- emitting light

Question 13

absorption

Answer 13

electron absorbs energy and moves to a higher energy level

Question 14

emmission

Answer 14

electron loses energy releasing energy as light

Question 15

why does each element have a unique spectrum?

Answer 15

due to electrons

Question 16

the value of each energy level for hydrogen (J)

Answer 16

energy of level = - (-2.18e-18 J)/energy level squared

Question 17

what does energy do as an electron becomes more stable?

Answer 17

lowers

Question 18

Rydberg equation

Answer 18

determines difference in energy as wavelengths between two shells

1/wavelength = 1.097e7 (1/n^2 - 1/n^2)
first energy level is the smaller one

Question 19

wave-particle duality

Answer 19

sometimes electrons act as particles and sometimes like waves
so matter should exhibit wavelength properties
only really light things like electrons have detectable wavelength
- double slit experiment

Question 20

what is the schrodinger equation for?

Answer 20

to make a statement about the probability of locating the electron based on the x,y and z axes - probability density

Question 21

what are quantum numbers?

Answer 21

represent unique solutions to the schrodinger equation. there are 4 and each electron in an atom has a unique set

Question 22

principle quantum number (n)

Answer 22

location of energy level eg n=4

Question 23

angular momentum quantum number (l)

Answer 23

shape of the orbital. ranges from 0 to n-1.

Question 24

orbital

Answer 24

an area where an electron is likely to be 95% of the time

Question 25

magnetic quantum number (ml)

Answer 25

orientation of an atomic orbital around the nucleus. takes values between -l to l. total number of orbitals with a value of 1 is 2l + 1

Question 26

spin quantum number (ms)

Answer 26

the direction of the spin of an electron in an orbital. -1/2 or 1/2. only two directions each orbital is occupied by two electrons.

Question 27

radial density function

Answer 27

• probability of finding an electron in a 3D spherical shell
• distance r from the nucleus
• volume of shells increases as r increases
• function increases and then returns to 0 again
• no space in the nucleus, volume increases so more electrons until too far from the nucleus for there to be electrons