Navigating the periodic table

Question 1

periodic table

Answer 1

system of organising the 118 known elements based on recurring patters

Question 2

how did Mendeleev organise his table?

Answer 2

• groups vertically
• left gaps
• did not know about electron config

Question 3

elements with same valence electrons?

Answer 3

same properties

Question 4

matter

Answer 4

atoms bonded together

Question 5

reactions happen when…

Answer 5

bonds between atoms break and reform in new arrangements

Question 6

what are involved in bonds?

Answer 6

electrons

Question 7

core electrons

Answer 7

inner electrons that do not bond

Question 8

how are electrons arranged in shells?

Answer 8

2, 8, 8, 18, 18, 32, 32

Question 9

why does a full shell make an atom stable?

Answer 9

lots of energy required to remove or add electrons

Question 10

ionic bonds - define and what do they form?

what type of bond is it?

Answer 10

one elements gives up an electron (cation) and one accepts (anion). they are attracted to their opposite charges and form a lattice.
electrostatic

Question 11

covalent bonds

Answer 11

the sharing of electrons between atoms. some can share multiple ways.

Question 12

define molecule

Answer 12

groups of atoms that share electrons covalently

Question 13

cation + anion =

Answer 13

salt

Question 14

how is the cation named?

Answer 14

as the element is eg. magnesium

Question 15

how is the anion named?

Answer 15

one element ends in ide

if there is an oxygen it is ite or ate

Question 16

what shields nucleuses from each other in covalent bonding?

Answer 16

electrons

Question 17

what are the electrostatic interactions in covalent bonding?

Answer 17

attraction - between electrons and nucleus

repulsion - between electrons and between nuclei

Question 18

how to name covalent bonds?

Answer 18

first element is just its name
second takes the stem of the name and adds ide
prefixes indicate number of atoms

Question 19

bonding continuum?

Answer 19

more of a continuum then ionic and covalent

Question 20

explain how bonds break and from

Answer 20

• making bonds releases energy (lower energy arrangement)
• breaking bonds requires energy (pull)
• net energy released from bond formation

Question 21

how does electronic configuration work?

Answer 21

nS^2np^6
n is shell number
s, p, d are the orbitals
numbers are number of electrons

Question 22

What are formal charges and what do they need to be?

Answer 22

• a representation of how charge is distributed
• needs to be 0 or close
• in a neutral molecule all atoms should be 0

Question 23

equation for formal charge

Answer 23

FC = number of valence electrons central atom has - (number of lone pairs + 1/2 bonding electrons)

Question 24

steps for drawing lewis diagrams

Answer 24

• determine number of valence electrons
• arrange atoms around a central atom and give each atom set a single bond
• beginning with terminal atoms, add enough electrons to each atom to give the atom an octet
• place any left over electrons on central atom
• minimise formal charges by making double and triple bonds

Question 25

physical and chemical geometry alters properties such as

Answer 25

• melting point
• polarity
• boiling point

Question 26

2 electron domains

Answer 26

• linear (no lone pairs on central atom)

Question 27

three electron domains

Answer 27

• trigonal planar

- bent

Question 28

4 electron domains

Answer 28

• tetrahedral
• trigonal pyramidal
• bent

Question 29

5 electron domains

Answer 29

• trigonal bipyramidal
• disphenoidal (4 terminal atoms)
• T shaped
• linear

Question 30

6 electron domains

Answer 30

• octahedral (6 terminal atoms)

- square planar (4 terminal atoms)

Question 31

VSEPR

Answer 31

model that predicts shape of molecules by putting valence electrons far away to minimise repulsion

Question 32

linear degrees

Answer 32

180

Question 33

trigonal planar degrees

Answer 33

120

Question 34

tetrahedral degrees

Answer 34

109.5

Question 35

trigonal bipyramidal degrees

Answer 35

90 and 120 (horizontally)

Question 36

octahedral degrees

Answer 36

90

Question 37

which angle is bigger? single, double or triple bond

Answer 37

triple (more repulsion)

Question 38

parent geometry?

Answer 38

overarching shape

Question 39

molecular geometry?

Answer 39

specific