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SS > Orbit and Meninges > Flashcards

Orbit and Meninges Flashcards

1
Q

What are the seven bones of the orbital cavity?

A

Palantine, ethmoid, lacrimal, maxillary, zygomatic, frontal, sphenoid

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2
Q

What are the layers of the eyelid from superficial to deep?

A 
Skin
Subcutaneous tissue
Orbicularis occuli
Orbital septum
Tarsus
Conjunctiva
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3
Q

What causes racoon eyes?

A

Blood in the potential space of the thin subcutaneous tissue of the eyelid

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4
Q

What is the voluntary muscle of the eyelid and how do you know if it is damaged?

A

Palpebral part of the orbicularis oculi (innervated by CN7). Inability to blink/close upper eyelid and lower eyelid droops away, associated with corneal ulcers and spillage of tears

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5
Q

What is Horner’s Syndrome?

A

Loss of sympathetic ganglion fibres resulting in ptosis, miosis and anhydrosis

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6
Q

Which two muscles raise the eyelid and what innervates them?

A

Levator palpebral superioris (CN3) full ptosis

Superior tarsal muscle (postganglionic sympathetic fibres of superior cervical ganglion) partial ptosis

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7
Q

What arrives in the orbital cavity via the optic canal?

A

Optic nerve and ophthalmic artery

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8
Q

What is the common tendinous ring?

A

Thickening of periosteum that surrounds the optic canal and the superior orbital fissure. It is the point of origin for the extra-ocular muscles

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9
Q

What enters the orbital cavity through the superior orbital fissure?

A 
Superior ophthalmic vein
Inferior ophthalmic vein (maybe)
Sympathetic fibres from cavernous plexus
Superior div. of CN3
Inferior div. of CN3
CN4
Ophthalmic (V1 of CN5)
CN6
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10
Q

What enters the orbital cavity through the inferior orbital fissure?

A 
Inferior ophthalmic vein (maybe)
Infra-orbital vein
Infra-orbital artery
Zygomatic branch of maxillary V2 of CN5
Ascending branches from pterygopalantine ganglion
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11
Q

List the extra ocular muscles of the eye

A 
Superior rectus
Inferior rectus
Lateral rectus
Medial rectus
Superior oblique
Inferior oblique
Levator palpebral superioris
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12
Q

Which artery closes in diabetes causing blindness?

A

Central retinal artery

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13
Q

What is the arterial and venous supply to the eye?

A

Internal carotid artery, ophthalmic artery, central retinal artery
Superior and inferior ophthalmic vein

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14
Q

What is the “danger triangle” of the face?

A

Lips to nasion- due to communication between facial vein and cavernous sinus

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15
Q

What are the three branches of the ophthalmic nerve?

A

Lacrimal nerve
Frontal nerve
Nasociliary nerve

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16
Q

Which nerves will an increased intracranial pressure effect?

A

First, abducens, then trochlear, then optic

17
Q

How do the meninges change from the skull to spinal chord?

A

Cranial dura is double layered-periosteal and meningeal. Spinal dura is single layered- only meningeal layer

18
Q

What is a key difference between the pia and arachnoid mater?

A

Pia invests into the surface of the brain. Arachnoid mater does not enter grooves and fissures except for the longitudinal fissure

19
Q

When to the two cranial dural layers separate from each other?

A

To form intracranial venous structures and dural partitions (project inwards and completely divide parts of the brain eg. falx cerebri

20
Q

What is the blood supply to the dura?

A

Anterior, posterior and middle meningeal artery

21
Q

How does the middle meningeal artery exit the skull and where is it found?

A

Travels through foramen spinosum-the anterior branch of the middle meningeal artery crosses the pterion

22
Q

What is the innervation of the dura mater?

A

V1, V2, V3, CN10 and 1st, 2nd and 3rd cervical nerves

23
Q

Describe the venous drainage of the brain

A

Cerebellar veins, diploic veins and emissary veins drain into dural venous sinuses, which drain into the internal jugular veins

24
Q

Where do the emissary veins run and why are they relevant?

A

Between the outside of the cranial cavity and the dural venous sinus-can cause infections to enter cranial cavity as they have no valves

25
Q

What are the structures that run in the cavernous sinus or within its lateral wall?

A 
CN3
Internal carotid artery
CN4
CN6
Ophthalmic V1
Maxillary V2
26
Q

List the four dural partitions

A

Falx cerebri
Falx cerebeli
Tentorium cerebeli
Diaphragma sellae

27
Q

Where is blood in an extradural haemorrhage and what causes it?

A

Trauma-damage to middle meningeal artery

Blood gathers between the calverium and the periosteal layer of the dura mater

28
Q

Where is blood in a subdural haemorrhage and what causes it?

A

Old people-usually chronic venous bleed

Blood gathers within the meningeal layer of the dura mater

29
Q

Which vessel is damaged in a subarachnoid haemorrhage?

A

Ruptured cerebral artery from the circle of Willis

Blood pools in subarachnoid space

SS (11 decks)

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