Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

SU17: Physiology > Oral Physiology > Flashcards

Oral Physiology Flashcards

1
Q

Which muscle forms the body of the tongue?

A

Genioglossus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What are the five jaw opener muscles?

A
  1. Digastric
  2. Hyoideus
  3. Lateral Pterygoid
  4. Geniohyoid
  5. Mylohyoid
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Which jaw opener acts as a protractor?

A

Lateral pterygoid

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Dysfunction of the superior head of which muscle is associated with anterior displacement of TM disc in TMJ dysfunction?

A

Lateral pterygoid

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

What are the two parts of the masseter?

A

Deep and superficial

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

What fibers are predominant in the masseter?

A

Slow fibers

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

What might be a reason you find alpha cardiac muscle fibers in the masseter?

A

Rhythmic contraction involved with chewing

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

T/F: The masseter is mostly slow fibers, however there are more fast fibers found toward the posterior portion of the muscle.

A

TRUE

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

What is bruxism?

A

Hypertrophy in the masseter leading to an upregulation of slow myosin

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

T/F: The temporalis is slower than the masseter?

A

FALSE

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

T/F: The temporalis has slower fibers anteriorly, and faster fibers posteriorly.

A

TRUE

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Most jaw closing muscles are predominantly ____ fibers while most jaw openers are predominantly ____ fibers.

A

Slow; fast

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

In jaw closers, more slow fibers found in _____ and _____.

A

Deep; anterior

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

What is kinesthesia?

A

Sense of movement and position

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

T/F: The masticatory muscles are under extreme “surveillance” from sensory nerves in the muscles.

A

TRUE

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

What is the job of muscle spindles?

A

Detect the length of the muscle

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

T/F: Muscle spindles are thicker than a typical muscle fiber.

A

TRUE

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

T/F: Muscle spindles are found perpendicular to muscle fibers.

A

FALSE

Parallel

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

_______ fibers do the work on a muscle, while ________ fibers are found in the muscle spindle.

A

Extrafusal; intrafusal

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Gamma fibers are the most common ________ fibers found in the muscle spindle.

A

Efferent

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

T/F: Muscle spindles are full of lymph.

A

TRUE

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

What are the two types of sensory nerve fibers in a muscle spindle?

A

Ia (primary): better at detecting short term change in length

II (secondary): better at detecting long term positions of length

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

What is the role of gamma fibers in the muscle spindle?

A

After CNS knows muscle has shortened -> CNS uses gamma fibers to contract polar regions -> stretches equatorial region to resensitize the spindle

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

T/F: Afferent activity decreases as a muscle shortens.

A

TRUE

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

Where are golgi tendon organs found?

A

In junction between ends of muscle fibers at the tendon

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

What is the function of golgi tendon organs?

A

Generate signals proportional to the amount of force generated by extrafusal muscle fibers

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

Control and coordination of mastication is from the ____.

A

CNS

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

What are the four phases of the chewing cycle?

A
  1. Slow opening
  2. Fast opening
  3. Fast closing
  4. Slow closing
29
Q

What are the three masticatory phases?

A
  1. Preparatory: tongue, lips, buccinator, etc. (most variable for different types of food)
  2. Reduction: food breakdown
  3. Pre-swallowing: bolus formation
30
Q

T/F: Herbivores have no masticatory myosin.

A

TRUE

31
Q

Herbivores have a larger _______ muscle, while carnivores have a larger _______ muscle.

A

Masseter; temporalis

32
Q

How can electromyography be used to diagnose clinical situations?

A

Look at muscle activity and compare to normal individuals

33
Q

T/F: The whole process of swallowing is a voluntary process.

A

FALSE

Can be voluntary, however at a certain point it becomes a reflex (cannot stop it)

34
Q

What are the four components involved with swallowing?

A
  1. Brain stem
  2. Six cranial nerves
  3. Receptors
  4. Muscles
35
Q

The preparatory phase of swallowing is the same as what phase of mastication?

A

Pre-swallowing: forming the bolus

36
Q

What physiological structure is formed during the preparatory phase?

A

Glossopalatal sphincter

37
Q

What is the second phase of swallowing?

A

Oral phase: bolus moves from oral cavity to pharynx

38
Q

During the oral phase, the _____ ______ is formed when the lips close and the lower incisors move close together.

A

Oral seal

39
Q

Describe the actions that allow the bolus to move into the sphincter.

A

Glossopalatal sphincter formed by tongue and soft palate -> anterior tongue pushes against hard palate -> base of tongue moves down and forward while palate moves up (opens glossopalatal sphincter -> palate shuts off nasal cavity

40
Q

What is the third phase of swallowing?

A

Pharyngeal phase: movement of bolus from oropharynx to esophagus

41
Q

T/F: The epiglottis is required to prevent aspiration of food.

A

FALSE

42
Q

The _________ group of muscles is involved in the oral and prep phases of swallowing.

A

Facultative

43
Q

The ________ group of muscles are involved in the pharyngeal phase of swallowing.

A

Obligate

44
Q

T/F: The upper esophageal sphincter remains open for multiple swallowing events.

A

FALSE

Opens and closes for each swallow.

Lower esophageal sphincter can remain open

45
Q

What mechanisms prevent aspiration of food?

A
  1. Inhibited respiration
  2. Larynx and upper esophageal sphincter elevate
  3. Vocal cords close
  4. Bolus moves through sinuses in pharynx
46
Q

Which phases of swallowing are involuntary?

A

Pharyngeal and esophageal phases

47
Q

What are the three components of the swallowing center of the brain stem?

A
  1. Sensory nuclei
  2. Interneuronal network nuclei
  3. Motor nuclei
48
Q

What is the function of the interneuronal network of the swallowing center?

A

Mediate interaction between motor and sensory nuclei

49
Q

Where is the interneuronal network found?

A

Ventral and dorsal medulla

50
Q

________ interneurons initiate and program the timing of swallowing.

A

Dorsal

51
Q

_______ interneurons distribute the excitation to the swallowing motor nuclei.

A

Ventral

52
Q

Where is afferent information sent during swallowing?

A

NTS

53
Q

T/F: The preparatory and oral phases of swallowing are programmed in utero.

A

FALSE

Obligate muscles are programmed in utero

54
Q

Which muscles do not have a prominent role in swallowing before tooth eruption?

A

Jaw closers

55
Q

T/F: Infants can swallow without disrupting respiration.

A

FALSE

56
Q

Which muscles play a prominent role in infant suckling, but do not play a role in adult sucking?

A

Jaw opening and closing muscles

57
Q

What is emesis?

A

Vomiting

58
Q

What are the two types of stimuli that can cause emesis?

A
  1. Physiological: pain, imbalance, substance in blood

2. Disease-related stimuli: increased intracranial pressure, radiation, anesthesia, stress

59
Q

What is the first phase of vomiting?

A

Pre-ejection: licking, salivation, increased heart rate, relaxation of proximal part of stomach

60
Q

T/F: The pre-ejection phase of vomiting can last several days.

A

TRUE

pregnancy

61
Q

The ejection portion of vomiting involves what two phases?

A
  1. Retching

2. Expulsion

62
Q

Describe the pressure gradients in the retching and expulsion phases?

A
  1. Retching: decrease in intra-thoracic pressure, increase in intra-abdominal pressure
  2. Expulsion: Intra-thoracic and intracellular-abdominal pressure increase tremendously
63
Q

What part of the brainstem controls the vomiting cycle?

A

Medulla

64
Q

Why is interferences in occlusion not likely to cause bruxism?

A

Primary effect of tooth stimulation is inhibition of jaw-closers

65
Q

What are the two major issues of TMDs?

A
  1. Pain

2. Impaired chewing efficiency

66
Q

T/F: TMD is more common in women than men.

A

TRUE

67
Q

What disease could have a link to TMDs?

A

Fibromyalgia

68
Q

Stimulation of the _______ results in stress-like responses and excitation of jaw-closer motorneurons.

A

Hypothalamus

SU17: Physiology (9 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions