Oral pathology in children

Question 1

What are natal teeth?

Answer 1

Teeth at birth

Question 2

What are Neo-natal teeth

Answer 2

They are teeth that appear within 30 days of birth

Question 3

How common are natal teeth?

Answer 3

1 in 2000

Question 4

How common are neonatal teeth

Answer 4

1 in 3500

Question 5

Where are natal and neonatal teeth most common

Answer 5

Mandibular midline

Question 6

What are the problems associated with natal/neonatal teeth?

Answer 6

If mobile teeth then the risk of aspiration
Breast feeding
Riga-fede ulceration

Question 7

How can we treat natal/neonatal teeth?

Answer 7

Extract if any risks

Monitor

Question 8

List some oral pathology that can be present in newborns

Answer 8

Dental lamina cysts
Bohns nodules
Epstein pearls
Congenital epulis of new-born

Question 9

Where are dental lamina cysts found?

Answer 9

At the crest of ridges

Question 10

What are bohns nodules?

Answer 10

AThey are remnants of the dental lamina

Question 11

Where are Bohns nodules usually found?

Answer 11

Maxillary alveolar ridge

Salivary grand remnants

Question 12

Where are Epstein’s pearls found?

Answer 12

Hard palate

Question 13

Where are Bohn’s nodules usually found?

Answer 13

Maxillary alveolar ridge

Salivary grand remnants

Question 14

Where are Epstein’s pearls found?

Answer 14

in the Hard palate

Question 15

What are Epstein’s pearls?

Answer 15

Epithelial remnants

Question 16

Describe congenita espuli of newborn

Answer 16

benign and can be found on the alveolar ridge

Question 17

How do we treat congenital puli of newborns

Answer 17

Simple excision

Question 18

When do children start teething

Answer 18

9 months

Question 19

What are some problems associated with teething?

Answer 19

Irritability
Rash
Drooling
Systemic upset
Temperature

Question 20

How can we manage teething?

Answer 20

1.Teething toys
2. Analgesics

Question 21

Describe eruption cysts.

Answer 21

They are bluish in color, filled with fluid usually found overlying the erupting teeth

Question 22

How do we treat eruption cysts?

Answer 22

Usually self limiting but very rarely become infected

Question 23

What is regional odontodysplasia?

Answer 23

Ghost teeth- rare

Question 24

What does regional odontodysplasia affect?

Answer 24

Both dentitions in one areas/ quadrant

Question 25

What happens in regional odontodysplasia?

Answer 25

Gross malformation of enamel and dentine reason? possibly due to disruption in blood supply early in development

Question 26

reasons we can have a premature loss of primary teeth?

Answer 26

1) Local reasons such as infection (caries) or trauma 2. Systemic etiology

Question 27

examples of systemic aetiology that can lead to premature loss of primary teeth?

Answer 27

1) Structural defects 2. Cellular defects

Question 28

Give examples of structural defects that can lead to premature loss of primary teeth

Answer 28

Alveolar bone loss Periodontal ligament Defects Cementum defects

Question 29

What can cause alveolar bone destruction?

Answer 29

1) Langerhan cell histocytosis 2. Acrodynia

Question 30

What can cause periodontal ligament defects

Answer 30

1) Ehlers danlos 2. Vitamin C deficiency

Question 31

What can cause cementum defects

Answer 31

Hypophophatasia

Question 32

The defect in which cell can lead to premature primary tooth loss

Answer 32

Neutrophil defect

Question 33

How can neutrophils be defective?

Answer 33

1) Quantitive (less of them) 2. Qualitative

Question 34

What can lead to a quantitive defect in neutrophils?

Answer 34

1) Cyclic neutropenia 2. Aplastic anaemia

Question 35

What can lead to a qualitative defect in neutrophils?

Answer 35

Chediak Higashi Papilion lefevre Leucocyte adhesion deficiency

Question 36

What are epulids?

Answer 36

Lump or swelling on the gingiva

Question 37

what are pyogenic granulomas?

Answer 37

They are very vascular and develop secondary to chronic irritation

Question 38

What is the end stage of a pyogenic granuloma?

Answer 38

Fibroepithelial polyp

Question 39

Describe peripheral giant cell granulomas

Answer 39

They are very hemorrhage Darker in colour than pyogenic granulomas

Question 40

Describe geographic tongue

Answer 40

Characteristic area of erosion Whitish margins Disappears and reappears Occasionally symptomatic

Question 41

What does gingival hyperplasia usually occur secondary to

Answer 41

Drug / medication use

Question 42

Give examples of medication that can cause drug-induced hyperplasia

Answer 42

Phenytoin Cyclosporin A Nifedipine

Question 43

What is phenytoin

Answer 43

An anti convulsant used to manage epilepsy

Question 44

What is cyclosporin A used for

Answer 44

It is an immunosuppressant

Question 45

what is nifedipine

Answer 45

anti hypertensive

Question 46

How do we manage gingival hyperplasia

Answer 46

Maintain oral hygiene Chlorhexidine mouth rinses Gingivectomy Drug choice

Question 47

What is a mucocele?

Answer 47

A mucous extraneous cyst

Question 48

Why do mucocele cysts form

Answer 48

Due to damage to minor salivary gland causing leakage of saliva into tissues

Question 49

What is a ranula

Answer 49

A mucous cyst in the floor of the mouth

Question 50

Why do ranulas form?

Answer 50

Usually secondary to damage to the duct

Question 51

What is an oral ulceration?

Answer 51

Localized defect of the oral mucosa in which the covering epithelium is destroyed leaving an inflamed area of exposed connective tissue

Question 52

Talk through the surgical sieve

Answer 52

Infective? Traumatic? Neoplastic? Immunological? Nutritional? Inflammatory?

Question 53

What are orofacial granulomatosis?

Answer 53

Perioral and gingival swelling assocated with crohns disease

Question 54

What is recurrent aphthous ulceration associated with?

Answer 54

Increased stress Nutritional deficiency status Trauma

Question 55

What is the treatment of recurrent apathous ulceration dependant on?

Answer 55

Symptoms

Question 56

How do we treat recurrent aphthous ulceration

Answer 56

Address nutritional deficiencies Chlorohexidine to prevent secondary caries Corlan tablets or adcortyl for anti-inflammation Difflam if symptomatic

Question 57

What can bacterial infection lead to

Answer 57

Bacterial abcess

Question 58

How do we treat severer odontogenic infections?

Answer 58

Admission to hospital IV antibiotics Removal of tooth Drainage of pus

Question 59

What is primary herpetic gingivostomatitis caused by

Answer 59

Herpes simplex type 1

Question 60

What is the incubation period of primary herpetic gingivostomatitis?

Answer 60

3-5 days

Question 61

At what age does the incidence of primary herpetic gingivostomatitis peak?

Answer 61

14 months

Question 62

What is primary herpetic gingivostomatitis characterised by?

Answer 62

Fever Irritability Malaise Vesicles on the tongue that rupture to form ulcers

Question 63

How do we treat primary herpetic gingivostomatitis

Answer 63

Paracetamol and the analgesic Mouth rinses Fluids

Question 64

What can cold sores be triggered by?

Answer 64

Stress Illness Sunlight

Question 65

Give examples of viral infections that can affect the oral cavity?

Answer 65

A Herpangina Hand foot mouth Chicken pox Mumps Measles Epstein Barr

Question 66

Give examples of fungal infections that can affect the oral cavity

Answer 66

Acute psuefomembranous candidiasi