Oral pathology in children Flashcards
What are natal teeth?
Teeth at birth
What are Neo-natal teeth
They are teeth that appear within 30 days of birth
How common are natal teeth?
1 in 2000
How common are neonatal teeth
1 in 3500
Where are natal and neonatal teeth most common
Mandibular midline
What are the problems associated with natal/neonatal teeth?
If mobile teeth then the risk of aspiration
Breast feeding
Riga-fede ulceration
How can we treat natal/neonatal teeth?
Extract if any risks
Monitor
List some oral pathology that can be present in newborns
Dental lamina cysts
Bohns nodules
Epstein pearls
Congenital epulis of new-born
Where are dental lamina cysts found?
At the crest of ridges
What are bohns nodules?
AThey are remnants of the dental lamina
Where are Bohns nodules usually found?
Maxillary alveolar ridge
Salivary grand remnants
Where are Epstein’s pearls found?
Hard palate
Where are Bohn’s nodules usually found?
Maxillary alveolar ridge
Salivary grand remnants
Where are Epstein’s pearls found?
in the Hard palate
What are Epstein’s pearls?
Epithelial remnants
Describe congenita espuli of newborn
benign and can be found on the alveolar ridge
How do we treat congenital puli of newborns
Simple excision
When do children start teething
9 months
What are some problems associated with teething?
Irritability
Rash
Drooling
Systemic upset
Temperature
How can we manage teething?
1.Teething toys
2. Analgesics
Describe eruption cysts.
They are bluish in color, filled with fluid usually found overlying the erupting teeth
How do we treat eruption cysts?
Usually self limiting but very rarely become infected
What is regional odontodysplasia?
Ghost teeth- rare
What does regional odontodysplasia affect?
Both dentitions in one areas/ quadrant
What happens in regional odontodysplasia?
Gross malformation of enamel and dentine
reason? possibly due to disruption in blood supply early in development
reasons we can have a premature loss of primary teeth?
1)
Local reasons such as infection (caries) or trauma
2. Systemic etiology
examples of systemic aetiology that can lead to premature loss of primary teeth?
1) Structural defects
2. Cellular defects
Give examples of structural defects that can lead to premature loss of primary teeth
Alveolar bone loss
Periodontal ligament Defects
Cementum defects
What can cause alveolar bone destruction?
1)
Langerhan cell histocytosis
2. Acrodynia
What can cause periodontal ligament defects
1)
Ehlers danlos
2. Vitamin C deficiency
What can cause cementum defects
Hypophophatasia
The defect in which cell can lead to premature primary tooth loss
Neutrophil defect
How can neutrophils be defective?
1)
Quantitive (less of them)
2. Qualitative
What can lead to a quantitive defect in neutrophils?
1)
Cyclic neutropenia
2. Aplastic anaemia
What can lead to a qualitative defect in neutrophils?
Chediak Higashi
Papilion lefevre
Leucocyte adhesion deficiency
What are epulids?
Lump or swelling on the gingiva
what are pyogenic granulomas?
They are very vascular and develop secondary to chronic irritation
What is the end stage of a pyogenic granuloma?
Fibroepithelial polyp
Describe peripheral giant cell granulomas
They are very hemorrhage
Darker in colour than pyogenic granulomas
Describe geographic tongue
Characteristic area of erosion
Whitish margins
Disappears and reappears
Occasionally symptomatic
What does gingival hyperplasia usually occur secondary to
Drug / medication use
Give examples of medication that can cause drug-induced hyperplasia
Phenytoin
Cyclosporin A
Nifedipine
What is phenytoin
An anti convulsant used to manage epilepsy
What is cyclosporin A used for
It is an immunosuppressant
what is nifedipine
anti hypertensive
How do we manage gingival hyperplasia
Maintain oral hygiene
Chlorhexidine mouth rinses
Gingivectomy
Drug choice
What is a mucocele?
A mucous extraneous cyst
Why do mucocele cysts form
Due to damage to minor salivary gland causing leakage of saliva into tissues
What is a ranula
A mucous cyst in the floor of the mouth
Why do ranulas form?
Usually secondary to damage to the duct
What is an oral ulceration?
Localized defect of the oral mucosa in which the covering epithelium is destroyed leaving an inflamed area of exposed connective tissue
Talk through the surgical sieve
Infective?
Traumatic?
Neoplastic?
Immunological?
Nutritional?
Inflammatory?
What are orofacial granulomatosis?
Perioral and gingival swelling assocated with crohns disease
What is recurrent aphthous ulceration associated with?
Increased stress
Nutritional deficiency status
Trauma
What is the treatment of recurrent apathous ulceration dependant on?
Symptoms
How do we treat recurrent aphthous ulceration
Address nutritional deficiencies
Chlorohexidine to prevent secondary caries
Corlan tablets or adcortyl for anti-inflammation
Difflam if symptomatic
What can bacterial infection lead to
Bacterial abcess
How do we treat severer odontogenic infections?
Admission to hospital
IV antibiotics
Removal of tooth
Drainage of pus
What is primary herpetic gingivostomatitis caused by
Herpes simplex type 1
What is the incubation period of primary herpetic gingivostomatitis?
3-5 days
At what age does the incidence of primary herpetic gingivostomatitis peak?
14 months
What is primary herpetic gingivostomatitis characterised by?
Fever
Irritability
Malaise
Vesicles on the tongue that rupture to form ulcers
How do we treat primary herpetic gingivostomatitis
Paracetamol and the analgesic
Mouth rinses
Fluids
What can cold sores be triggered by?
Stress
Illness
Sunlight
Give examples of viral infections that can affect the oral cavity?
A
Herpangina
Hand foot mouth
Chicken pox
Mumps
Measles
Epstein Barr
Give examples of fungal infections that can affect the oral cavity
Acute psuefomembranous candidiasi
