oral exam guide Flashcards
what are the four basic dynamic forces on an aircraft during flight
lift, drag, gravity and thrust
what is centrifugal force
equal and opposite reaction (to the horiz’l component of lift)
what is an ELT
emergency locator transmitter
when is true altitude and indicated the same?
std temperature and sea level
min. visibility abv 1200and below 10000 Class G airspace
1 mile
What rate does atmospheric pressure decrease with an increase in altitude?
1” Hg per 1,000 ft
What factor primarily determines the type and vertical extent of clouds
The stability of the atmosphere
what docs are req’d on board?
Airworthiness cert.
Registration cert.
Owner’s manual and operating limitations
Weight and balance data
what is a trough?
an elongated area of relatively low atmospheric pressure
what is a ridge?
an elongated area of relatively high atmospheric pressure
What documents are required on board an aircraft prior to flight?
A irworthiness certificate
R egistration certificate
O wner’s manual or operating limitations
W eight and balance data
What performance characteristics will be adversely affected when an aircraft has been overloaded?
Higher take-off speed Longer take- off roll Reduced rate and angle of climb Lower maximum altitude Shorter range Reduced cruising speed Reduced maneuverability Higher stalling speed Higher landing speed Longer landing roll Excessive weight on the nose wheel
What factors affect the performance of an aircraft during take-offs and landings?
Air density (density altitude) Surface wind Runway surface Upslope or downslope of runway Weight
What are PIREPs?
Two types (routine and urgent) Information concerning weather as observed by pilots enroute
METAR
An hourly surface observation of conditions observed at an airport
What pertinent information should a weather briefing include?
Adverse conditions VFR flight not recommended Synopsis Current conditions Enroute forecast Destination forecast Winds aloft Notices to airmen (NOTAMs) ATC delay
What is RVR On the METAR report
Runway visual range
What is density altitude
Density altitude is pressure altitude correct for nonstandard temperature
What are the limitations of a pressure altimeter?
High to low or hot to cold, look out below.
Warm day …alt. Indicates lower than actual altitude.
Cold day …alt. Indicates higher than actual altitude.
Higher than standard pressure…alt. Indicates lower than actual altitude.
Define following:
Absolute altitude?
Vertical distance above actual ground
Define following:
Indicated altitude?
Altitude read directly from alt. After it is set to the current altimeter setting.
Define following:
Pressure altitude?
Adjusted to 29.92
For computing solutions to determine density altitude, true altitude, true air speed, etc.
Define following:
True altitude?
The vertical distance above sea level.
Define following:
Density altitude?
Pressure altitude corrected for non standard temperature variations.
Name several types of radio aids to air navigation
NDB - non direction radio beacon
VOR. - very high frequency omnidirectional range
VORTAC. - VHF omnidirectional range/tactical air navigation
DME. - distance measuring equipment
RNAV. - area navigation includes INS, LORAN, VOR/DME & GPS
Within what frequency range do VORs operate
108 and 117.95 MHz
What are three common ways to navigate?
Pilotage
Dead reckoning
Radio navigation
What types of aeronautical charts are available for use in VFR navigation?
Sectional charts
VFR Terminal area charts (TAC)
World aeronautical charts (WAC)
VFR flyway planning charts
Airspeed limitations - not marked on airspeed indicator.
Va - maneuvering speed
Vlo - landing gear operating speed
Vx - best angle of climb sped
Vy - best rate of climb speed
light signals - on ground
green - flashing green
red - flashing red
cleared for taxi
cleared for take-off
stop
taxi clear of runway
light signals - in the air
green - flashing green
red - flashing red
cleared to land
return for landing
yield, continue circling
unsafe, do not land
max. speed in class B airspace
200 knots
max. speed
under 10,000 feet
250 knots
What privileges and limitations apply to a private pilot? (14 CFR 61.113)
No person who holds a private pilot certificate may act as a pilot-in-command of an airctaft that is carrying passengers or property for compensation or hire.
a. may act as PIC in connection with business if it is incidental
b. may not pay less that pro rata share of expenses with passengers
c. my act as PIC of A/C used in passenger-carrying for charitable organizations
d. may be reimbursed for search and locations operations
c. may demonstrate A/C in flight to buyer if pilot is a salesman and has @ least 200 hours logged time
f. may act as PIC of A/C towing glider if they meet requirements of 61.69 (100 hrs pic in sm cat+class,logbook endorsement and proper training,currency requirments)
To act as PIC, or required flight crewmember, what must a pilot have in their possesion or ready available in the A/C?
a. valid pilot certificate
b. photo identification
c. current medical certificate
Other than High-perf and complex, what other types of A/C require specific training and endorsements?
High Altitude Airplane -
pressurized a/c that has a service ceiling above 25000 feet msl.
Tailwheel Airplane
Requirements to remain current as a private pilot.
a. flight review and logbook endorsement every 24 months by authorized instructor.
b. to carry passengers - must have made in last 90 days:
1. three takeoffs and landings as sole manipulator of the controls of same category class and type (if type rating is req)
2. tailwheel must be to full stop
3. night ops (1 hr after sunset to 1 hour before sunrise) must be to full stop in same cat, class and type (if type is req).
* may be accomplished with approved flight sim
What documents are required on board an aircraft prior to flight? (14 CFR 91.203, 91.9)
A - Airworthiness Certificate
R - Registration Certificate
O - Owner’s manual/op limit
W - Weight and balance data
When will an aircraft registration certificate expire?
a. A/C is registered in foreign country.
b. Registration of A/C is canceled at the written request of the holder of the certificate.
c. A/C is totally destroyed
d. Ownership transferred
e. Holder loses US citizenship
f. Thirty days since death of certificate holder.
What is an Airworthiness Certificate and how long does it remain valid? (FAA-H-8083-25)
It is issued by the FAA only after the A/C has been inspected and found to meet the requirments of 14 CFR, and is in cond for safe op. Aircraft must meet requirements of the original type cert. It must be displayed in A/C so that it is legible to pass or crew whenever A/C is operated. Remains in effect as long as A/C receives the required maintenance and is properly registered in U.S.
Why do surface winds generally flow across the isobars at and angle?
Surface Friction
What causes the winds aloft to flow parallel to the isobars?
The Coriolis Force
What are “isobars”?
a line on a weather chart which connects areas of equal or constant barometric pressure
State the general characteristics in regard to the flow of air around high and low pressure systems in the Northern Hemisphere.
Low Pressure–inward, upward, and counterclockwise
High Pressure–outward,downward, and clockwise
What conditions are necessary for structural icing to occur?
Visible moisture and below freezing temperatures at the point moisture strikes the aircraft.
What are the required maintenance inspections for aircraft? (14 CFR 91.409)
a. Annual Inspection - within the preceding 12 calendar months
b. 100-hour - if carrying any person for hire or flight instruction.
What is HIWAS?
Hazardous In-flight Weather Advisory Service is a continuous broadcast of in-flight weather advisories including summarized Aviation Weather Warnings, SIGMETs, Convective SIGMETs, Center Weather Advisories, AIRMETs, and uregent PIREPs. Source of hazardous weather informatino which makes this data available on a continuous basis.
What is a SIGMET (WS)?
(WS) advises of non-convective weather that is potentially hazardous to all aircraft. Issued for the six areas corresponding to the FA areas. Maximum forcast period is 4 hours. Issued when:
a. Severe icing not associated with tstorms
b. Severe Turbulence or clear air turbulence (CAT) not associate with tstorms
c. Duststorms or sandstorms lowering surface or inflight vis to below 3 miles
d. Volcanic ash.
What is an AIRMET (WA)?
(WA) Advisories of sig wthr phenomena that describe conditions at intensities lower than those which require SIGMET. Intended for use by pilots in the preflight and issued every 6 hours beginning @ 0145 UTC during Central Daylight Time,a dn @ 0245 UTC during CST. Unscheduled updates and corrections are issued as nec. AIRMET bulletin includes an outlook for conditions expected after the AIRMET valid period. Contain IFR, mountain obscuration, turbulence, strong surface winds, icing, and freezing levels.
What is TWEB?
Transcribed weather broadcast includes synopsis and forcast for more than 200 routes and local vicinities. Valid for 12 hours and are issued 4 times a day @ 0200, 0800, 1400, and 2000Z in a variety of sources (TIBS, PATWAS, and more).
TWEB route forcast or vicinity forcast will not be issued if the TAF for that airport has not been issued. TWEB route forcast is for a 50NM wide corridor along a line connecting the end points of the route. Local vicinity forecast covers an area w/ a radius of 50NM. Describe sustained surface winds (25kts or greater), visibility, weather and obscurations to vision, sky conditions, mountain obscurment, and nonconvective low-level wind shear.
What valuable info can be determined from Winds and Temperatures Aloft Forecasts (FD)?
Most favorable altitude-based on winds and direction of flight.
Areas of possible icing;by noting air temps of +2°C to -20°C.
Temperature inversions.
Turbulence-by observing abrupt changes in wind direction and speed @ diff altitudes.
What is a Convective Outlook (AC)?
National forecast of thunderstorms, in 2 parts; Day 1 Convective Outlook (first 24) and Day 2 Convective outlook (next 24hrs). Describes areas in which there is a slight, mod, or hight risk of severe tstorms, as well as areas of general (non-severe) tstorms. Times of issuance for day 1 are 0600Z, 1300Z, 1630Z, 2000Z, and 0100Z. The initial day 2 issueanceis @ 0830Z during standard time and 0730Z during daylight time, updated @ 1730Z. The AC is a flight planning tool used to avoid tstorms.
Define IFR, MVFR, and VFR.
IFR - Instrument Flight Rules - Ceilings less than 1000 ft and/or visibilities less than 3 miles.
MVFR - Marginal VFR - Ceiling 1000 to 3000 ft inclusive and/or visibility 3 to 5 miles inclusive.
VFR - Visual Flight Rules - No ceiling, or ceiling greater than 3000 and visibility greater than 5 miles.
What is a Forecast Winds and Temperatures Aloft Chart (FD)?
A computer generated chart depicting both observed and forecast winds and temps aloft. Forecast winds and temperatures aloft are prepared for eight levels on eight seperate panels. The levels are 6000, 9000, 12000, 18000, 24000, 30000, 34000, and 39000 feet MSL. They are available daily as 12 hour progs valid @ 1200Z and 0000Z. These charts are typically used to determine winds at a proposed altitude or to select the best altitude for a proposed flight. Temperatures also can be determined from the forecast charts. interpolation must be used to determine winds and temperatures at a level between charts and data when the time period is other than the valid time of the chart.
What is a spin?
When the aircraft descends in a helical path while flying at an AOA greater than the critical angle of attack. Spins result from aggravated stalls in either a slip or a skid. No stall = no spin.
What causes a spin?
Exceeding the critical AOA while applying excessive or insufficient rudder, and to a lesser extent, aileron.
What causes an airplane to stall?
When the critical angle of attack has been exceeded. When the AOA increases to approx 18°-20°, the air can no longer flow smoothly over the top wing surface. This can occur at any airspeed, in any attitude, with any power setting.
