Oral Chapter 1

Question 1

Ornstein

Answer 1

Defines learning as a reflective process whereby the learner either develops new insights and understanding or restructures his or her mental processes

Question 2

Lardizabal

Answer 2

Opines that “learning is an integrated, on going process occurring within the individual, enabling him to meet specific aims, fulfill his needs and interests and cope with thé learning process.

Question 3

Slavin

Answer 3

Defines learners as a change in an individual cause by experience.

Question 4

Calderon

Answer 4

Defines learning as thé acquisition through maturation and experience of a new and more knowledge, skills, attitudes that will enable the learner to make better and more adequate reactions , responses and adjustments to new situations.

Question 5

Pavlov’s Classical Conditioning Theory
Principles of Classical Theory

Answer 5

Stimulus Generalization
Discrimination
Extinction

Question 6

Stimulus Generalization

Answer 6

Refers to the process by which the conditioned response transfer to other stimuli that are similar to the original conditioned stimulus

Question 7

Discrimination

Answer 7

refers to the process by which we learn not to respond to similar stimuli in an identical manner.

Question 8

Extinction

Answer 8

refers to the process by which conditioned responses are lost.

Question 9

THORNDIKE’S S-R THEORY

Answer 9

Thorndike was one of the first pioneers of active learning, a theory that proposes letting children learn themselves, rather than receiving instruction from teachers.

Question 10

3 Laws of Learning formulated by Thorndike:

Answer 10

Law of effect
Law of Readiness
Law of Exercise

Question 11

Law of effect

Answer 11

states that if an act is followed by a satisfying change in the environment, the likelihood that the act will be repeated in similar situations increases.

Question 12

Law of Readiness

Answer 12

States that when an organism, both human and animal, is ready to form connections to do so is satisfying and not to do so is annoying.

Question 13

Law of Exercise

Answer 13

States that any connection is strengthened in proportion to the number of times it occurs and in proportion to the average vigor and duration of the connection.

Question 14

B.F. Skinner Operant Conditioning Theory

Answer 14

Like Thorndike, Skinner’s work focused on the relation between behavior and its consequences.

Question 15

The use of pleasant and unpleasant consequences to change behavior is often referred to

Answer 15

Operant Conditioning

Question 16

any behavioral consequence that strengthens a behavior

Answer 16

Reinforcement

Question 17

are events that are presented after a response has been performed and that increase the behavior or activity they follow.

Answer 17

Positive reinforces

Question 18

are escapes from unpleasant situations or ways of preventing something unpleasant from occurring.

Answer 18

Negative Reinforces

Question 19

those that satisfy basic human needs

Answer 19

Primary reinforces

Question 20

those that acquire reinforcing power because they have been associated with primary reinforcers.

Answer 20

Secondary Reinforces

Question 21

4 Phases of Social Learning Theory

Answer 21

1. Attention
2. Retention
3. Motor Reproduction processes
4. Motivation processes

Question 22

To learn anything, you need to be paying attention.
Any kind of distraction can make it difficult for you to remember what you are learning.

Answer 22

Attention

Question 23

You must be able to store (or retain) the information you have learned in your brain. Many factors (like age and health) can impact memory retention.

Answer 23

Retention

Question 24

You must mimic (or reproduce) the behavior you have learned from a model. The more you mimic the learned behavior, the longer you will retain it in your memory.

Answer 24

Reproduction

Question 25

You have to be motivated to mimic a behavior, or else you will stop practicing it, and eventually forget it.

Answer 25

Motivation

Question 26

Concerned with the things that happen inside our heads as we learn • Emphasizes how information is processed

Answer 26

COGNITIVE THEORIES OF LEARNING

Question 27

Learning is an active process in which learners construct new ideas or concepts based upon their current/past knowledge. • The instructor should try and encourage the students to construct hypotheses, make decisions, and discover principles by themselves

Answer 27

BRUNER'S COGNITIVE LEARNING THEORY

Question 28

3 STAGES IN BRUNER'S THEORY:

Answer 28

Enactive level Iconic level Symbolic level

Question 29

where learning takes place via direct manipulation of objects and materials

Answer 29

Enactive level

Question 30

where objects are represented by visual images and are recognized for what they represent

Answer 30

Iconic level

Question 31

which describes the capacity of learners to think in abstract terms

Answer 31

Symbolic level

Question 32

is an instructional approach which encourages students to think and discover how knowledge is constructed

Answer 32

discovery learning

Question 33

• Acquisition of new meanings • Meaningful learning occurs when the material to be learned is related to what the students already know

Answer 33

AUSUBEL'S MEANINGFUL LEARNING THEORY

Question 34

• It is a tool or a mental learning aid to help students integrate new information with their existing knowledge leading to "meaningful learning".

Answer 34

ADVANCE ORGANIZER

Question 35

Describes the situation in which the new information you learn is an example of a concept that you have already learned.

Answer 35

Derivative Subsumption:

Question 36

Higher level concept of thinking

Answer 36

Correlative Subsumption

Question 37

You are already familiar with the things but didn't know the concept itself until it was taught

Answer 37

Superordinate Learning

Question 38

Learning by analogy

Answer 38

Combinational Learning

Question 39

Bridge the gap between what students already know and what they need to know before they can successfully learn new material

Answer 39

Principal Function:

Question 40

• Built upon behaviorist and cognitive theories to recommend approaches to instruction • Dealt particularly with problems in determining just what skills and knowledge are required for someone to be an effective performer at a given job

Answer 40

GAGNE'S COGNITIVE LEARNING THEORY

Question 41

SEQUENCE OF NINE EVENTS: GCLT

Answer 41

• Gaining attention • Informing the learner of the objective • Stimulating recall of prerequisite learning • Presenting new material • Providing learning guidance • Eliciting performance • Providing feedback about the performance . Assessing performance • Enhancing retention and recall • Learning is like a building process which utilizes a hierarchy of skills that increase in complexity.

Question 42

behaviorism and cognitive perspective

Answer 42

Neobehaviorism

Question 43

1. Purposive Behaviorism (Theorist)

Answer 43

Edward Tolman

Question 44

2. Social Learning Theory (Theorist)

Answer 44

Albert Bandura

Question 45

• Link between behavorism and cognitive theory • An organism learns by pursuing signs to a goal

Answer 45

Purposive Behaviorism

Question 46

Learning is always purposive and goal directed;

Answer 46

Tolman's Key Concepts

Question 47

stays with the individual until needed

Answer 47

Latent Learning

Question 48

not seen but served as determinant of behavior

Answer 48

• Intervening Variable

Question 49

account for learning names, labels and facts.

Answer 49

Verbal information skills

Question 50

refer to the learners' use of symbols to interact in the environment.

Answer 50

Intellectual skills

Question 51

are essential mental activities to formulate plans, devices, and techniques though which a certain problem maybe solved.

Answer 51

Cognitive Strategies

Question 52

are concerned with the coordination of muscular movement which includes walking, running, jumping, writing, dancing

Answer 52

Motor skills

Question 53

are predispositions toward a person, an object, event, and other stimuli in the environment

Answer 53

Attitudes

Question 54

4 Separate stages in a fixed order that is universal among all children

Answer 54

PIAGET'S THEORY OF COGNITIVE DEVELOPMENT

Question 55

PTOCD (Stages) - birth to 2 years

Answer 55

Sensorimotor Stage

Question 56

PTOCD (Stages): • From 2-7 years • Refers to a child who has begun to use symbols, but is not yet mentally capable

Answer 56

Pre-operational stage

Question 57

-the tendency of a child to only see his point of view and assume that everyone else also has his same point of view

Answer 57

Egocentrism

Question 58

the act of focusing all attention on one characteristic or dimension of a situation while disregarding all others

Answer 58

Centration

Question 59

- Pre-operational children still have the inability to reverse their thinking.

Answer 59

Irreversibility

Question 60

reasoning that is neither inductive nor deductive, reasoning that appears to be from particular to particular.

Answer 60

Transductive reasoning

Question 61

PTOCD (Stages): Children gain a better understanding of mental operations.

Answer 61

Concrete Operational Stage

Question 62

PTOCD (Stages): 11-12 to adulthood • Children develop a new kind of thinking that is abstract, formal, and logical.

Answer 62

Formal Operational Stage

Question 63

categories of knowledge that help us interpret and understand the world

Answer 63

Schema

Question 64

the process of taking in new information into our previously existing schema

Answer 64

Assimilation

Question 65

the process of creating a new schema after an individual's interaction with the environment

Answer 65

• Accommodation

Question 66

process of balancing between previous knowledge (assimilation) and changing behavior to account for new knowledge (accommodation)

Answer 66

Equilibration