Oral and mammary tumours (Yr 4) Flashcards
what are some clinical signs of oral tumours?
facial swelling
oral bleeding
dysphagia/pain
halitosis
epistaxis
loose teeth
cervical lymphadenopathy
how do primary oral tumours usually behave?
locally invasive (radiographs often insensitive to this)
which lymph nodes should be sampled for primary oral tumours?
submandibular
retropharyngeal
what oral tumours should you image the abdomen as well as the thorax if concerned about metastases?
melanoma (highly metastatic)
what are the most common oral tumours of dogs?
malignant melanoma
squamous cell carcinoma
fibrosarcoma
acanthomatous ameloblastoma
what are the margins needed for surgical excision of oral melanoma and fibrosarcomas?
large margin (3-5cm) as they are very invasive
how do dogs and cats cope with surgical management of oral tumours?
dogs cope very well (feeding tube initially)
cats take longer to adapt (months with feeding tube)
what should be done when surgically treating oral fibrosarcomas and squamous cell carcinomas?
follow the surgery with radiotherapy (generally gives better results)
what are the complications of oral surgery?
bleeding, infection, incomplete tumour removal, altered cosmetic appearance, difficulty eating. mandibular drift
what dogs usually present with oral melanoma?
older smaller breed dogs
how do oral melanomas behave?
very locally invasive
highly metastatic
how can oral melanomas be diagnosed?
visualisation of melanin containing mesenchymal cells
immunohistochemistry needed for diagnosis
what is the prognosis for oral melanomas?
very poor (less than a year)
reoccur within 5 months
what is the survival time if there is distant metastasis of a oral melanoma?
<3 months
what can be used as an anti-metastatic therapy for oral melanomas?
plasmid vaccine immunotherapy (for stage II and III)
what stage of oral melanoma can plasmid vaccine immunotherapy be used for?
stage II and III
how do oral squamous cell carcinomas behave?
low metastatic rate (varies with grade)
what is the main aim of therapy for oral squamous cell carcinomas?
local therapy (surgery and radiotherapy)
what are some medical therapies available for oral squamous cell carcinomas?
piroxicam (NSAID)
can add carboplatin to it
how does the metastatic rate of oral SCC compare to tonsillar SCC?
tonsillar are much more metastatic (much poorer prognosis)
what dogs are oral fibrosarcomas usually seen in?
middle aged large breeds (golden retriever, labradors)
how do oral fibrosarcomas behave?
invasive with low/moderate metastatic risk
what are epulides?
non-metastatic lesions arising from gingiva
how do acanthomatous ameloblastomas behave?
aggressive local/bone invasion
which canine oral tumour has the greatest metastatic risk?
malignant melanoma
what is the most common feline oral tumour?
squamous cell carcinoma
what are some risk factors for feline oral SCC?
use of flea collars
exposure to smoking
canned foods
what is the behaviour of feline oral SCC?
locally invasive with low metastatic risk
what is the best treated for feline oral SCC?
surgical resection (recurrence is common)
what is the behaviour of feline oral fibrosarcomas?
very locally invasive and low metastasis
what is the risk of mammary tumours associated with?
hormone exposure (progestin and oestrogen)
obesity (increased oestrogen levels)
age (older)
breed
how can neutering effect the risk of mammary tumours?
neutering prior to oestrus behaviour massively decreases risk
(must be balanced with the risk of urinary incontinence)
what are the breeds predisposed to mammary tumours?
poodles, chihuahua, maltese, cocker spaniel, yorkshire terrier
siamese cats
when a mammary tumour is found, what should you do?
most will have a second tumour, check the other glands carefully
what should be done on pre-surgical assessment of canine mammary tumours?
clinical exam (>3cm have poor prognosis)
local staging (assess lymph nodes, consider draining patterns)
distant staging (metastasis)
what surgery is done for low risk mammary tumours?
single mastectomy
what surgery is done for high risk mammary tumours?
regional mastectomy
what mammary tumour is often mistaken for mastitis?
canine inflammatory carcinoma (very painful)
what is the prognosis for canine inflammatory carcinoma?
very poor (palliative treatment)
what are the prognostic factors for feline mammary tumours?
tumour size
lymph node metastasis
distant metastasis
breed
what surgery is usually done for feline mammary tumours?
chain mastectomy
