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Biology Option D > Option D.5 Hormones and metabolism (AHL) > Flashcards

Option D.5 Hormones and metabolism (AHL) Flashcards

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1
Q

Where are hormones secreted from?

A

From Endocrine glands (ductless glands) directly into bloodstream

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2
Q

Outline journey of hormones

A

Secreted from endocrina glands;
in small quantity;
travels directly via bloodstream (only briefly);
to TARGET CELLS/ORGANS;
control and coordinate several body activities;
unused hormones are broken down in liver;
must be excreted continuously

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3
Q

What is the difference between hormone and nervous system?

A 
nervous system: 
- quick, precise communication 
hormones:
- specific changes in metabolism and development (extended period)
BOTH coordinated by brain
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4
Q

Which human organ is the only one that has endocrine and exocrine glands?

A

Pancreas

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5
Q

Contrast Endocrine and exocrine glands

A

Endocrine glands:

  • secrete hormones
  • deliver directly via bloodstream
  • at target organs, triggers specific metabolic reactions

Exocrine glands:

  • secrete (digestive) enzymes
  • deliver via ducts (lumen of a gut or body surface)
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6
Q

Give example of an endocrine gland

A

pituitary gland:
- secrete anti diuretic hormone; targeted at collecting ducts of kidney tubules
Gonads:
- sex hormones; targeted at gonads
Pineal gland:
- secrete melatonin; targeted at tissues/organs responding to our body clock

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7
Q

Give example of an exocrine gland

A 
sweat gland:
- sweat on skin surface
salivary glands:
- saliva into mouth
gastric gland:
- gastric juice into stomach
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8
Q

What are the three chemical categories of hormones?

A

steroid derived from cholesterol;
proteins;
tyrosine derivative;

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9
Q

What is an example of a tyrosine derivative hormone?

A

thyroxin - four iodine atoms

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10
Q

What is an example of a peptide hormone?

A

insulin; FSH; LH

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11
Q

what is an example of a steroid hormone?

A

testosterone; progesterone

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12
Q

How do lipid soluble hormones influence metabolism?

A

STEROID HORMONES:

  • diffuse into blood through lipid bilayer of plasma membrane;
  • hormone binds to receptor (cytoplasm or in nucleus)
  • receptor is activated, alters expression of genes
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13
Q

How do receptor hormones promote the transcription of specific genes

A 
receptor hormone complex can:
cause activation of gene 
- transcribes RNA 
- RNA leaves nucleus 
- directs formation of protein
- new protein brings functional/structural change to cell;
can turn off gene 
- interrupts cell process
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14
Q

What are water soluble hormones?

A

PEPTIDE HORMONES:

  • CANNOT pass through membrane directly
  • bind to receptors in plasma membrane of target cell
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15
Q

What are second messengers?

A

small water soluble molecules that

  • quickly spread throughout cytoplasm
  • relay signals through out cells
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16
Q

What are the most common second messengers?

A

calcium ions and cAMP

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17
Q

What is the role of second messengers?

A

binding hormones causes CASCADE EFFECT:

  • activation of enzymes in membrane
  • ATP converted into cAMP
  • cAMP activates protein kinase enzymes;
  • this adds phosphate to enzymes
  • can activate enzyme /or inactivate
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18
Q

What happens to cAMP after a brief period of use?

A

inactivated by enzyme; impact of hormone (it was helping) terminates

19
Q

Outline role of second messenger using example of a specific hormone

A
  • under threat, organism needs blood glucose (energy)
  • epinephrine released and reaches liver
  • binds to G protein couple receptor
  • G protein activated
  • activates adenylyl cyclase to convert ATP to cAMP
  • CAMP activates protein kinase enzyme;
  • activates glycogen breakdown
20
Q

What is hypothalamus?

A

part of brain has major endocrine functions;
well supplied with blood vessels;
site of special neurons

21
Q

What are the key roles of hypothalamus?

A

monitoring blood composition;

maintenance of internal environment - homeostasis

22
Q

What does the pituitary gland consist of?

A

anterior pituitary and posterior pituitary

23
Q

How does the hypothalamus control endocrine activity of pituitary glands?

A

hypothalamus releases hormones from neurosecretory cells; into portal vein;
nerve impulses via neurons connected

24
Q

What is a neurosecretory cell?

A

type of neuron that secretes chemical messengers which travel around body via blood

25
Q

What do hormones secreted by pituitary glands control?

A

growth, development changes in body tissue/organ, reproduction and homoeostasis

26
Q

What does anterior pituitary do?

A

synthesizes and secrete hormones to control growth reproduction and homoeostasis

27
Q

Example of anterior pituitary hormone

A

FSH and LH

28
Q

What do posterior pituitary glands do?

A

secrete oxytocin and ADH, bu are NOT produced there

29
Q

Where are hormones released by posterior pituitary gland synthesized?

A

neurosecretory cells; stored in ends of axons; secretion stimulated by hypothalamus

30
Q

What is the production/secretion of milk called?

A

lactation released by mammary glands after birth

31
Q

State what hormones are involved in the process of lactation

A

prolactin; estrogen and progesterone; oxytocin

32
Q

Describe the role of prolactin in lactation (milk secretion)

A

during pregnancy produced by anterior pituitary;
in mammals stimulates mammary glands to grow;
stimulates milk production

33
Q

Describe role of estrogen and progesterone in lactation?

A

progesterone inhibits effects on mammary glands;
estrogen increases prolactin production;
these hormones decline after birth and release of milk

34
Q

What is the role of oxytocin?

A

stimulates contraction of cells that surround structure holding milk to release it;
produced by neurosecretory cells of hypothalamus; stored in posterior pituitary gland

35
Q

Outline process of regulation of milk secretion

A
  • prolactin promotes milk production during pregnancy
  • progesterone inhibits effects on mammary glands
  • after birth, inhbitation removed; production of milk begins
  • stimulus of sucking maintains prolactin secretion
  • oxytocin causes release of milk into mammary ducts
  • stimulation of touch initiates nerve impulse to hypothalamus
  • oxytocin increased (positive feedback)
36
Q

What are thyroids (thyroxin) produced from?

A

amino acid tyrosine and mineral iodine

37
Q

What effects do thyroid hormones have?

A

increase in normal rate of energy production (basal rat metabolism)

38
Q

Why are iodine deficiencies common?

A

only sea food is a good source; sometimes water can provide; otherwise little present

39
Q

what are the consequences of iodine deficiency?

A

swollen thyroid gland causes goitre

40
Q

What is a way to overcome iodine deficiency?

A

addition of iodine in table/cooking salt; this is not possible in all communities

41
Q

What does the International Council for the Control of Iodine Deficiency Disorders do?

A

collaborate to seek a way to eliminate harm done by iodine deficiency

42
Q

What do some athletes take sex hormone full drugs to improve their performance?

A

growth hormones as ‘performance improving’ drugs (eg. testosterone) to build muscles;
natural breakdown of old bone slowed down, deposition of new bone promoted, skeleton strengthened;

43
Q

Why does testosterone have androgenic effects?

A

can promote muscles and bone; but also further masculinizing body (bad for females) by causing facial hair growth, voice deepening;
injected but short lived (easily broken down);
banned by most

44
Q

What is an example of a lab synthesized hormone?

A

nandrolone; identical characteristics as testosterone

Biology Option D (7 decks)

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