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Biology Option D > Option D.3 Function of the Liver > Flashcards

Option D.3 Function of the Liver Flashcards

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1
Q

Give an example of how the liver regulates nutrients in blood

A
  • liver maintains correct amount of glucose
    when glucose level is high, liver releases insulin;
    to stimulate hepatocytes to take up glucose;
    to convert to glycogen;
    when glucose level low, hepatocytes are stimulated;
    to break down stored glycogen;
    to release glucose
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2
Q

What occurs when transferring receptors are bound?

A

receptor iron complex enter cell and iron is either incorporated into heme/ or transferred to a storage molecule called ferritin

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3
Q

What do developing red blood cell have high levels of?

A

transferrin receptors

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4
Q

What is transferrin?

A

protein bound to iron

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5
Q

What happens iron is absorbed by small intestine?

A

tranferred to blood bound to a protein

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6
Q

Where is hemoglobin synthesized in?

A

red blood cells

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7
Q

When are iron/vitamin A/ vitamin D released into blood when stored in lover?

A

deficit in blood

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8
Q

What nutrients can be stored in excess in the liver?

A

glucose, when high causes insulin to stimulate hepatocytes to take up glucose and store as glycogen;
iron; Vitamin A; Vitamin D; vitamins are fat soluble

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9
Q

What happens to excess amino acids?

A

deaminated in the liver; organic acid part is removed/respired or converted to fat/carbohydrate

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10
Q

can the body store amino acids if in excess?

A

No

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11
Q

When proteins are broken down what do they contribute to?

A

pool of amino acids in blood plasma for new synthesis

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12
Q

What are examples of proteins that are produced for export from liver cells?

A

fibrinogen, globulins, albumin, prothrombin

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13
Q

What is the effect of having the liver adjust level of amino acids?

A

regulated to support the constant synthesis of proteins that can function as enzymes/components of membranes /structural components

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14
Q

What does the liver cell adjust as blood passes the sinusoids (supplies daily demand for protein)?

A

amino acids

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15
Q

What happens to components of red blood cells by liver?

A

broke down when old and recycled

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16
Q

What is bile used for?

A

break down fats into droplets that disperse for effective breakdown by digestive enzymes in duodenum

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17
Q

What is surplus cholesterol from the liver converted into?

A

bile salts (emulsifies the bile)

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18
Q

What does the liver produce other than bile?

A

cholesterol

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19
Q

Explain the role of liver in hemoglobin breakdown

A

Kupffer cells take up erythrocytes through phagocytosis;
hemoglobin is broken into globin and heme;
globin is hydrolysed;
breakdown of heme causes iron to attach to carrier protein;
iron stored or exported to bone marrow (via blood plasma) for new red blood cell;
heme converted into bile pigments

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20
Q

What are erythrocytes?

A

red blood cells

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21
Q

What are Kupffer cells?

A

phagocytes attached to walls of sinusoids that take up old red blood cells; contain many lysosome; specialized leucocyte

22
Q

What are lovules?

A

rows of hepatocytes

23
Q

Give an example of how the liver removes toxins

A

alcohol is oxidized to become carboxylic acid; becomes part of metabolites; oxidized to CO2 and water

24
Q

What are bile channels?

A

bile from liver flows through (between liver cell rows but isolated from blood supply); merge into bile ducts to carry to gall bladder

25
Q

What is one of the major functions of the liver?

A

remove toxin;
break down of red blood cells;
Wstabilization of quantity of nutrients circulating blood; regulation through storage and release of nutrients when needed

26
Q

How does the blood from the heptic portal vein differ from normal blood?

A
  • are wider
  • is low pressure , deoxygenated blood
  • varies in quantity of nutrients depending on food and timing
  • contain kuppfer cells (brekadown haemoglobin for recycling)
27
Q

After arterioles join with sunsoids what occurs?

A

Sinusoids merge with velues that lead to hepatic vein

28
Q

How do sinuiods differ from liver cells?

A

sinuids do not have walls separating blood from liver cells (blood and liver cells are in direct contact); allows proteins to enter /leave blood

29
Q

What are hepatocytes?

A

liver cells

30
Q

What are sinuiods?

A

blood filled channels (like capillaris)where arterial blood mixed with blood from heptic portal flows through

31
Q

What is a helptic portal vein?

A

bring blood to the liver directly from small intestine

32
Q

How is the liver supplied with blood?

A

supplied by HEPTIC artery; drains deoxygenated blood through HEPTIC vein

33
Q

What happens to fatty acids that reach the liver?

A

combine to form triclycerides; and proteins to be stored; transported to blood plasma; LDLs to tissues;

34
Q

What does an excess of LDLs result to?

A

blocking of receptor sites of cell membrane that metabolize/store lipids; causes more LDL in blood;

35
Q

How can monosaturated fats and polysaturated fats help?

A

help remove circulating LDL;

increase efficiency of receptor sites at removal of bad cholesterol

36
Q

What are the primary effects of long-term alcohol abuse?

A
  • cirrhosis - scar tissues damaged from exposure to alcohol;
  • fat accumulation - damaged area build up fat instead of tissue / obesity
  • gastritis - irritates stomach mucosa
  • malnutrition - excess alcohol affects appetite
  • dementia - destroys neurons
  • weakened heart muscles
37
Q

What are the key events of the break down of hemoglobin?

A

Occurs inside kupffer cell;

  • four globin proteins are hydrolised into amino acid
  • amino acids released into bloodstream (available for more protein synthesis)
  • iron released can be stored within liver; some iron is sent to bone marrow (used in production of erythrocytes)
  • bile pigment bilirubin (iron removed from haem group) is absorbed by hepatocytes (becomes bile)
38
Q

What is bile used for?

A

added when fatty acids are being digested;
emulsification of clump formed by lipids;
does NOT chemically change lipids;
breaks down coalesced clumps/increases surface area for catalisation

39
Q

How do hepatocytes produce bile in liver?

A

converts surplus cholesterol into bile salt

40
Q

What examples plasma proteins do hepatocytes release?

A

albumin: helps regulate blood pressure, acts as carrier for bile salts and other fat soluble substances;
fibrinogen: converts to fibrin to form mesh of blood clot

41
Q

What is bilirubin?

A

bile salt, heme part of hemoglobin without iron

42
Q

What is jaundice?

A

condition where skin and whites of eyes develop yellow tinge; severe conditions are toxic to brain cells

43
Q

What is the immediate cause of discolouration of jaundice?

A

build up of bile pigment bilirubin in blood and tissues

44
Q

What are predicted causes of Jaundice?

A

any condition that disrupts movement of bilirubin;

  • breakdown of red blood cells at an abnormal rate (increased bile rubin in blood)
  • damage to liver (typically by alcohol-induced cirrhosis/malaria) cannot process bilirubin
  • blocked bile duct (cannot send bile to digestive system)
45
Q

Why do newborns sometimes suffer from Jaundice?

A

hemoglobin of fetus is different from hemoglobin our body forms after birth;
after birth breakdown of fetal hemoglobin occurs at accelerated rate;
bilirubin formed quicker than broken down;
self-corrects;

46
Q

What is a common treatment for infants suffering from jaundice?

A

exposure to blue/green portion of light spectrum;

causes change in shape/structure of bilirubin

47
Q

What is pre-hepatic jaundice caused by?

A

malaria, sickle cell anemia, thalassemia

48
Q

What is intra hepatic jaundice caused by?

A 
infection like hepatitis, leptospirosis or glandular fever;
harmful substances (alcohol and drugs), also ecstasy overdose of paracetamol
49
Q

What is post hepatic jaundice caused by?

A

gallstones can cause

50
Q

Is alcohol considered as a drug?

A

Yes because of strong effects on central nervous system

51
Q

What happens once alcohol is consumed?

A

absorbed into blood; distributed through out body; can cross blood bain barrier; metabolised in liver

52
Q

What is cirrhosis?

A

a chronic inflammation of liver in which liver cells are destroyed and replaced by fibrous or adipose connective tissue

Biology Option D (7 decks)

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