Option D - Medicines and drugs Flashcards

Question

What is the reaction of the antacid aluminium hydroxide, Al(OH)₃, with stomach acid?

Answer 1

Al(OH)₃(s) + 3 HCl(aq) → AlCl₃(aq) + 3 H₂O

Answer 2

Mg(OH)₂(s) + 2 HCl(aq) → MgCl₂(aq) + 2 H₂O

Answer 3

NaHCO₃(aq) + HCl(aq) → NaCl(aq) + H₂O(l) + CO₂(g)

Answer 4

Compounds that are added to antacids to prevent bloating due to the CO₂ produced in some antacids e.g. dimethicone

Answer 5

- They complement each other well - Magnesium functions faster so is a quick help - Aluminium reacts more slowly but provides a longer lasting effect

Answer 6

Mild and strong analgesics

Answer 7

They intercept the pain stimulus at the source, often by interfering with the production of substances that cause pain, swelling or fever.

Answer 8

They temporarily bond to receptor sites in the brain, preventing the transmission of pain impulses without depressing the central nervous system

Answer 9

Analgesics that do not interfere with the functioning of the brain are considered non-narcotics whereas analgesics that do act on the brain are considered narcotics

Answer 10

1. Aspirin 2. Paracetamol 3. Ibuprofen

Answer 11

1. Morphine 2. Codeine 3. Heroin

Answer 12

1. Drowsiness 2. Changes in behaviour and mood 3. Dependence

Answer 13

An analgesic made out of an ester derivative of salisylic acid

Answer 14

- Blocks the syntheiss of prostaglandins - Analgesic effect - Reduces fever and inflammation - Reduces the blood's ability to clot → prevents heart attacks and strokes

Answer 15

- Irritation and ulceration of the stomach and duodenum - Allergic reactions - Reye's syndrome (fatal liver and brain disorder)

Answer 16

It reduces the production of prostaglandins in the brain, thus not effective in reducing inflammation

Answer 17

- One of the safest of all analgesics - Does not irriate the stomach - Allergic reactions are rare - Safe for children

Answer 18

Fatal damage to kidneys, liver, and brain.

Answer 19

Increased risk of stomach bleeding

Answer 20

Toxic side-effects can be increased

Answer 21

1. Constipation 2. Loss of sex drive 3. Disrupts menstural cycle 4. Poor eating habits 5. Risk of AIDS, hepatitis, etc. through shared needles 6. Social problems

Answer 22

1. Euphoria 2. Dulling of pain 3. Depress the nervous system 4. Slow breathing and heart rate 5. Suppresses the cough reflex 6. Nausea and vomiting (first timers) 7. High doses lead to coma or death

Answer 23

Functional groups: 1. Benzene ring 2. Ether 3. Alkene 4. Alcohol (2) 5. Tertiary amine

Answer 24

Functional groups: 1. Benzene ring 2. Ether (2) 3. Alkene 4. Alcohol 5. Tertiary amine

Answer 25

Funcitonal groups: 1. Benzene ring 2. Ether 3. Alkene 4. Ester - ethanoate (2) 5. Tertiary amine

Answer 26

By converting morphine by esterification reaction with both its –OH groups into ester groups by reaction with ethanoic acid

Answer 27

- Less polar and more lipid-soluble than morphine - Enables it to cross the blood-brain barrier quickly and works faster

Answer 28

- Used in the management of severe pain, such as cancer - Can be habit forming and lead to dependence, thus must be regulated by a professional

Answer 29

- Used medically only in a few countries legally for the relief of severe pain - The most rapidly acting and the most abused narcotic - Initially produces euphoric effects, but very high potetial for causing addiction and increasing tolerance - Dependence leads to withdrawal symptoms and other associated problems

Answer 30

- Used in a preparation with a non-narcotic drug in the second stage of pain management ladder - Used in cough medications - Short-term treatment of diarrhoea

Answer 31

1. Low to moderate dose (tranquiliser) - Calmness - Relief from anxiety - Very relaxed muscles 2. High dose (sedative) - Slurred speech - Staggering gait - Altered perception - Sleep induced 3. Extremely high/lethal dose (hypnotic) - Respiratory depression - Coma - Death

Answer 32

Because they relive depression

Answer 33

1. Antiseptic properties 2. Hardens the skin 3. Important part of many cultures 4. Help to create mild excitement and make users more talkative, confident, and relaxed 5. Beneficial effect on the circulation and diminish cario-vascular diseases

Answer 34

1. Loss of self-restraint; memory, concentration and insight are impaired 2. Loss of balance and judgment 3. Violent behaviour associated with domestic abuse and family breakdown 4. Dangerous risk-taking behaviour leading to accidents including motor vehicles and machinery 5. Dehydration and loss of productivity 6. At high doses, vomiting, loss of consciousness, coma, and death

Answer 35

1. Dependence (alcoholism), associated with withdrawal symptoms 2. Liver disease, e.g. cirrhosis, liver cancer 3. Coronary heart disease 4. High blood pressure 5. Fetal alcohol syndrome 6. Permanent brain damage 7. Costs to the society 8. Negative effects on the family

Answer 36

The potential of a drug to increase the activity of other drugs when taken at the same time

Answer 37

1. With aspirin: - Can cause increased bleeding of the stomach lining and increased risk of ulcers 2. With other depressants (e.g. sleeping pills): - Heavy sedation, possibly leading to coma 3. With tobacco: - Increases the indicende of cancers, particularly of the intestines and liver 4. With many other drugs: - Can interfere with their metabolism, which can cause greater and more prolonged effects

Answer 38

1. Breathalyser 2. Analysis of blood and urine by chromatography 3. Absorption of infrared ratiation or use of a fuel cell in the intoximeter

Answer 39

- Ethanol establishes equilibrium between its aqueous and gaseous states in the lungs - Breathalyser contains crystals of potassium dichromate (VI) which are orange - Crystals turn to green chromium (III) Cr³⁺ ions when they oxidise the ethanol to ethanal and ethanoic acid - The extent of the colour change can be measured using a photocell - The extent can be used to determine the ethanol concentration - Not very accurate technique

Answer 40

- Uses inrared spectroscopy - Different molecules cause different absorption bands in the infrared spectrum - Ethanol has a characteristic absorption band at 2950 cm^-1 due to its C–H bond - The size of the peak can be used to measure ethanol concentration, when compared to normal air

Answer 41

- Works on the principle that in the presence of a catalyst, ethanol is oxidised to ethanoic acid and then water and carbon dioxide - The cell converts the energy released to a voltage that can be used to measure ethanol concentration

Answer 42

- Blood or urine is vaporised and injected into a stream of an inert gas over the surface of a non-volatile liquid - The components of the vapour move at different rates depending on their boiling points and relative solubility - Each leaves the column holding the liquid after a specific interval known as its retention time - A peak at the retention time correspoinding to ethanol can be used to confirm its presence - The area under the peak is a measure of ethanol concentration - Very accurate

Answer 43

- Another major group of depressants - Depress activity in the part of the brain that conrols motion so are used as tranquilisers in the treatment of anxiety and insomnia - Sleeping pills and muscle relaxants - Few side-effects, altho can cause dependence - Short-term treatments - E.g. diazepam (Valium) and nitrazepam (Mogadon)

Answer 44

- Fluoxetine hydrochloride - Functions by increasing the levels of serotonin - Treatment of depression, eating and panic disorders - Does not depress the activity of the CNS so is not a depressant

Answer 45

- Benzene rings - Diazepine structure (seven-membered heterocyclic ring containing carbon and two nitrogen) - Non-polar → high lipid solubility and are able to cross the brain-blood barrier

Answer 46

1. Help to facilitate breathing by causing relaxation of the air passages and are used in the treatment of respiratory infections 2. May reduce appetite and are used as a part of treatment for obesity 3. May cause palpitations or tremors to occur 4. Can cause extreme restlessness, sleeplessness, fits, delusions, and hallucinations

Answer 47

Drugs that mimic the effects of epinephrine. Known as sympathomimetic drugs

Answer 48

1. Increases the heart rate and blood pressure 2. Increases the blood flow to the brain and muscles 3. Increases the air flow to the lungs 4. Increases mental awareness

Answer 49

Both derivatives of the phenyl ethyl amine structure:

Answer 50

1. Dilation of the pupils 2. Decreased appetite 3. Possible blurred vision and dizziness 4. Rapid development of tolerance and dependence 5. Long-term effects include depression and reduced resistance to infection

Answer 51

1. Increases concentration 2. Relieves tension and boredom 3. Helps to counter fatigue 4. Increases heart rate and blood pressure 5. Decreases urine output

Answer 52

1. High blood pressure 2. Increases risk of heart disease and angina 3. Coronary thrombosis 4. Increases the level of fatty acids in the blood which can lead to atherosclerosis and stroke 5. Over-stimulation of stomach acids which can lead to peptic ulcers 6. Addiction and all the other risks associated with smoking tobacco

Answer 53

It increases the levels of adrenaline as well as alters the concentrations of certain neurotransmitters in the brain.

Answer 54

It is linked to social factors such as peer pressure

Answer 55

1. Nausea 2. Weight gain 3. Drowsiness 4. Inability to concentrate 5. Depression 6. Craving for cigarettes

Answer 56

- Both have heterocyclic rings and a tertiary amine group - Caffeine contains two amide groups

Answer 57

- Acts as a respiratory stimulant increasing the rate of energy release within cells - Intensifies and prolongs the effects of adrenaline

Answer 58

1. Enhancement of mental energy 2. Enhancement of alertness 3. Increased ability to concentrate 4. Acts as a diuretic, increasing the volume of urine; can cause dehydration

Answer 59

1. Anxiety 2. Irritability 3. Insomnia 4. Dependence; side-effects include headaches and nausea

Answer 60

1. Fleming left an open petri dish containing bacteria while he went on holiday 2. When he came back he noticed that a mould had developed and inhibited the growth of the bacterium 3. He deduced that the mould produced a compound, which inhibited the growth of bacteria 4. Florey and Chain overcame the problems associated with isolating and purifying penicillin 5. They used penicilin on a dying policeman and he was cured 6. Later in America they were able to grow loads of penicillin by growing strains of the penicillin mould in large tanks containing corn-steep liquor 7. The structure of penicillin was determined and this allowed chemists to synthesise different types of penicillin and other antibiotics without growing mould

Answer 61

They interfere with the chemicals that bacteria need to form normal cell walls, causing the bacteria to disintegrate and die.

Answer 62

Results in penicillins that are more resistant to the penicillinase enzyme.

Answer 63

An enzyme some bacteria are able to produce that deactivates the original penicillin molecule and its effect

Answer 64

- The importance of completing the full course of treatment with an antibiotic - Essential to prevent resistant bacteria from prolonging the disease or spreading into the community

Answer 65

- The bacteria gain resistance - Another penicillin has to be developed to gain functionality

Answer 66

1. They contain only two components of protein and nucleic acid (RNA or DNA) 2. Have no cellular structure (need a host cell) 3. Only capable of reproducing inside another living cell 4. Do not feed, excrete, or grow → are not considered to be living

Answer 67

1. Altering the cell's genetic material so that the virus cannot use it to multiply 2. Blocking enzyme activity within the host cell to prevent the viruses from multiplying 3. Binding site of the virus could be altered to prevent the virus from attaching to the host cell 4. Cell wall could be altered to prevent virus from entering the cell 5. Preventing the new viruses from leaving the host cell

Answer 68

1. The HIV destroys helper-T cells, the very cells in the immune system that should be defending the body against the virus 2. The virus tends to mutate very rapidly, more rapidly than any other virus 3. The virus often lies dormant within host cells, so the immune system has nothing to respond to until it is too late 4. Treatment is very expensive

Answer 69

- Cis- and trans-isomerism can occur in inorganic complexes - The different isomers can have different effects - e.g. anti-cancer drug cisplatin

Answer 70

- Disrupts the function of DNA and prevents cell division from occurring - Intravenous treatment - The complex exchanges one or both of its negative chloride groups with neutral water ligands and forms a reactive positively charged species - The species binds to DNA by exchanging the water and chloride ligands for bonds between platinum and nitrogen atoms in guanine - The modified DNA activates repair processes, which are ineffective and leads to cell death - Only the cis isomer has the groups in the correct orientation - The trans isomer is unable to bind and is useless

Answer 71

- Two enantiomers in a racemic mixture may have very different effects - e.g. thalidomide

Answer 72

- They react differently with enzymes and receptors, which require a specific form and collision geometry in order to function

Answer 73

- The high reactivity of the amide group within the four-membered ring structure is a result of strain - The ring breaks relatively easily - The ring opens so that the penicillin becomes covalently bonded to the enzyme that synthesises bacterial cell walls, thus blocking its action - The bacterium cannot produce the wall construction material and bursts and dies

Answer 74

- The polar hydroxyl groups in morphine are replaced by non-polar ester groups, which makes the whole molecule less polar - The non-polar molecule is able to penetrate the blood-brain barrier and induce its action in the brain - Heroin reaches brain cells faster and in higher concentration and is more active by a factor of two - Heroin undergoes metabolic change into morphin before it can function so is described as a pro-drug

Answer 75

A large collection of related molecular compounds

Answer 76

- To synthesise a large collection of related compound for evaluation of biological properties - Time-consuming and expensive

Answer 77

- A method of synthesising groups of compounds known as combinatorial libraries simultaneously instead of one by one - Largely automated - Generates a pool of chemically related compounds - Mimics the natural process of random mutation and selection of the fittest (those with the best activity)

Answer 78

- Gives rise to a mixtrue of compounds in each reaction flask - Efficient in means of generating a large library - Produces a single product in each flask - Generally produces libraries more focused and less diverse than combinatorial libraries - Usually involves the synthesis of a highly reactive intermediate

Answer 79

- A molecule is made out of three building blocks 1. Each component is first linked to the solid support (raisin bead) 2. Beads are mixed and split into three equal portions 3. Each protion is reacted with a different building block, giving nine possible structures 4. The process is repeated by remixing and splitting again 5. A third different block is added to each portion resulting in 27 possible products

Answer 80

- Analyses the interactions between drugs and their receptor sites - Helps to design molecules that give an optimal fit - Three-dimensional models can be created in silico - Virtual development and evaluation of new drugs - Cheaper and easier

Answer 81

The percentage of a dose of a drug that reaches the bloodstream

Answer 82

1. By reacting of the –COOH acid group to form an ionic salt 2. By reacting the –NH₂ basic group to form an ionic salt

Answer 83

e. g. aspirin - When reacted with a strong alkali, forms a salt in which the COOH group is converted into its conjugate base - This increases the solubility of the compound - Called soluble aspirin

Answer 84

e. g. Prozac - Molecule containing an amine group can be reacted with a strong acid to form its chloride salt

Answer 85

A way of directly synthesising a single enantiomer in means of producing a drug.

Answer 86

- Chiral auxiliary is a chiral molecule 1. The molecule inds to the reactant, physically blocking one reaction site, ensuring that the next step can only take place from one side 2. Forces the reaction to proceed with a specified stereochemistry 3. When the desired enantiomer has been produced, the auxiliary can be taken off and recycled e. g. development of the anticancer drug Taxol

Answer 87

- Drugs that cause hallucinations - Disrupt the normal activity of the brain transmitter serotonin - Serotonin is responsible for coordinating and processing hearing and sight - Pathways of nervous connection changed - The person hears voices and sees images that don't exist - Basically there is brain activity in the absence of a stimulus at the receptors - e.g. LSD, mescaline, psilocybin

Answer 88

1. Creates distortions of the boddy and crawling geometric patterns 2. Impaired judgment, hypertension, dilated pupils, and changes to body temperature and heart rate 3. Can cause unpredicatble mood swings from euphoria to depression and panic

Answer 89

1. About 1000-3000 times less potent than LSD; causes subjective hallucinations dependent on the individual 2. Causes anxiety, static tremors, psychic disturbances with vivid visual hallucinations 3. Abdominal pain, nausea, and diarrhoea

Answer 90

1. Subjective hallucinations similar to mescaline but milder 2. Some perople experience a pleasant mood, others become apprehensive 3. Compulsive movement and inappropriate laughter 4. Vertigo and dizziness 5. Numbness, muscle weakness and drowsiness

Answer 91

1. Mental relaxation and euphoria 2. Loss of inhibitions 3. Alteration of the perception of time and space 4. Palpitation, loss of concentration, light-headedness, weakness, sense of floating 5. At high doses can cause depression of respiration and can lead to collapse 6. Withdrawal symptoms include insomnia, anxiety, and restlessness

Answer 92

**All:** - Contain benzene rings - Contain the indole ring structure **Primary amine:** - Mescaline **Secondary amine:** - LSD and psilocybin **Tertiary amine:** - LSD - Psilocybin (ion) **Ether:** - Mescaline **Tertiary amide:** - LSD **Phosphate:** - Psilocybin **Alkene:** - LSD (2)

Answer 93

1. Medicinal use - Useful to prevent vomiting - A pain killer - Treatment of glaucoma, epilepsy, Parkinson's, Huntington's 2. Lower crime rate - Police freed to concentrate on other criminals 3. Freedom of the individual 4. No more damaging than tobacco or alcohol

Answer 94

1. Cost to society - Due to increased risk of heart disease and cancer 2. Cannabis is a gateway to harder drugs 3. Increased risk of dangerous living while under the influence 4. Causes dependence