Option A: A.4 Innate and learned behaviour

Question 1

Innate Behaviour

Answer 1

behavior inherited from parents and so develops independently of environmental context. They are controlled by genes. Genetically programmed behaviours, which ensure the survival of the animal.

Question 2

Taxis

Answer 2

a directed response to a stimulus. If the animal’s body is directed towards the stimulus, we say it has a positive response. If away, negative response.

Question 3

Chemotaxis

Answer 3

response to chemicals in the environment. .

Question 4

Phototaxis

Answer 4

the response to light.

Question 5

Gravitaxis

Answer 5

response to gravity.

Question 6

Rheotaxis

Answer 6

response to water current

Question 7

Thigmotaxis

Answer 7

response to touch

Question 8

Planaria

Answer 8

a flatworm that lives in lakes and ponds, quite active and moves by contraction of muscle fibers in its body.

Question 9

Euglena

Answer 9

single-celled protist, has a flagellum. Makes its own food by photosynthesis because it contains molecules of chlorophyll. It is positively phototaxis because it needs light to perform photosynthesis.

Question 10

Kinesis

Answer 10

a movement in response to a non-directional stimulus, such as humidity. The rate of movement of an animal depends on the intensity of the stimulus, not its direction.

Question 11

Orthokinesis

Answer 11

when an organism moves slowly or rapidly (changes speed) in response to a stimulus, but it does not move towards the stimulus.

Question 12

Klinokinesis

Answer 12

when an organism turns slowly or rapidly in response to a stimulus, but it does not move towards the stimulus.

Question 13

Pain Reflexes

Answer 13

involves a series of nerves that run from your arm to your spinal cord, and back to your arm muscle (if your arm is in pain). You do not control reflexes with your brain, they are controlled by the autonomic nervous system.

Question 14

Reflex Arc

Answer 14

composed of a receptor cell, a sensory neurons, a relay neurone in the spinal cord, and a motor neurons which carries the message to the effector (muscle).

Question 15

Effector

Answer 15

an organ that performs the response

Question 16

Reflex conditioning

Answer 16

used to modify a reflex response, (Pavlov dog experiment)

Question 17

UCS

Answer 17

unconditioned stimulus (the wave hand in Pavlov exp)

Question 18

UCR

Answer 18

unconditioned response (the eye blink in Pavlov exp)

Question 19

CS

Answer 19

conditioned stimulus (musical note in Pavlov exp)

Question 20

CR

Answer 20

conditioned response ( eye blink in response to musical note in Pavlov exp)

Question 21

Learned Behaviour

Answer 21

not genetically programmed behavior, it develops as a result of experience.

Question 22

Imprinting

Answer 22

happens at a particular stage in life. It is a rapid learning process by which a young animal develops an attraction and recognition of another moving object, usually the mother. The behavior occurs regardless of the consequences.

Question 23

Operant Conditioning

Answer 23

is a method of learning that occurs through reinforcements and punishments for behavior. It encourages the subject to associate desirable or undesirable outcomes with certain behaviors.

Question 24

Encoding

Answer 24

brain processes information that it receives from the senses so that it can be remembered.

Question 25

Visual encoding

Answer 25

converting information into mental pictures

Question 26

Elaborative encoding

Answer 26

relating new information to old knowledge already stored in the memory

Question 27

Accoustic encoding

Answer 27

encoding of sound, such as spoken language

Question 28

Sensation encoding

Answer 28

encoding of sensations such as touch, smells and tastes

Question 29

Semantic encoding

Answer 29

remembering sensory input in a context. for example using a mnemonic device such as ROYGBIV as a strategy to remember the colors of the light spectrum.

Question 30

Short term memory

Answer 30

holds a small amount of information for a short period of time. It holds on to items we are actively thinking about. Information stored here is retrieved in sequence

Question 31

Long term memory

Answer 31

stored over a long period of time. LTM involves a physical change in the neural network of the brain. With repeated use, the circuits of the brain are altered and strengthened

Question 32

Recognition

Answer 32

association of a physical object or event with something already experienced. It involves comparing present information with memory. Recognition simply requires a decision about whether or not something has been encountered before.

Question 33

Recall

Answer 33

involves remembering a fact, object, or event that is not currently present. Actively reconstructing the memory requires the activation of all the neurones involved in the memory. More complicated than recognition.