Option A: A.3 Perception of stimuli

Question 1

Mechanoreceptors

Answer 1

stimulated by a mechanical force or some type of pressure.

Question 2

pressure receptors

Answer 2

sense of touch caused by these that are sensitive to pressure. They can detect a change in blood pressure in our arteries.

Question 3

stretch receptors

Answer 3

repsond to the degree of lung inflation in the lungs

Question 4

proprioreceptors

Answer 4

found in muscle fingers, tendons, joints and ligaments that tell the position of our arms and legs. Help us to maintain posture and balance

Question 5

Chemoreceptors

Answer 5

respond to chemical substances, we can taste and smell using this type of receptor. Give us information about our internal body environment. Pain receptors are a type of chemoreceptor that respond to chemicals released by damaged tissues.

Question 6

Olfactory receptors

Answer 6

respond to smell

Question 7

glomerulus

Answer 7

a cluster of nerve endings, spores, or small blood vessels, especially a cluster of capillaries around the end of a kidney tubule.

Question 8

Thermoreceptors

Answer 8

respond to change in temperature. warmth receptors respond when the temperature rises, cold when temp drops. They are located in the skin

Question 9

Photoreceptors

Answer 9

respond to light energy, found in the eyes. Our eyes are sensitive to light and give us vision. Rod cells in our eyes respond to dim light (black and white vision); cone cells respond to bright light (colour vision)

Question 10

stimulus

Answer 10

a change in external or internal environment that is detected by a receptor and elicits a response

Question 11

response

Answer 11

a change in behaviour in reaction to a stimulus

Question 12

reflex

Answer 12

a rapid and unconscious response

Question 13

sclera

Answer 13

tough, protective outer layer of eye

Question 14

ligament

Answer 14

muscular portion of iris in eye

Question 15

cornea

Answer 15

outer layer of the pupil focusing begins here

Question 16

aqueous humour

Answer 16

transparent liquid

Question 17

pupil

Answer 17

the hole, entry of light to the eye

Question 18

lens

Answer 18

adjustable focus of light of the eye

Question 19

conjunctiva

Answer 19

the outer layer of the sclera, protective and mucus secretion. keeps the eye moist.

Question 20

iris

Answer 20

pigmented, controls opening and closing of pupil, regulating entry of light

Question 21

eyelid

Answer 21

protection, opening, cleaning of eye

Question 22

vitreous humour

Answer 22

transparent jelly in the eye

Question 23

retina

Answer 23

contains receptors for vision (rod cells) in the eye

Question 24

choroid

Answer 24

layer of light-absorbing pigment of the eye

Question 25

fovea

Answer 25

an area of densely packed cone cells were vision is most acute in the eye

Question 26

optic nerve

Answer 26

carries nerve impulses to the occipital lobe (transmits impulses to brain)

Question 27

blind spot

Answer 27

no receptor cells in eye

Question 28

Rod cells

Answer 28

photoreceptor cells that are very sensitive to light. They receive the stimulus of light, even very dim light, and synapse with a bipolar neuron. (black and white vision)

Question 29

Cone cells

Answer 29

photoreceptor cells that are activated by bright light. They receive the stimulus of bright light and synapse with a bipolar neuron. (colour vision)

Question 30

Bipolar neurones

Answer 30

cells in the retina that carry impulses from a rod or a cone cell to a ganglion cell of the optic nerve. They are called bipolar because they each have two processes extending from the cell body.

Question 31

Ganglion cells

Answer 31

they synapse with the bipolar neurons and send the impulses to the brain via the optic nerve.

Question 32

Trichromatic vision

Answer 32

three classes of cone cells: red, green and blue. Dichromatic have red-green vision defects.

Question 33

stapes

Answer 33

a small stirrup-shaped bone in the middle ear, transmitting vibrations from the incus to the inner ear. strikes the oval window.

Question 34

bones of middle ear vibrations

Answer 34

the malleus, incus and stapes receive vibrations from the tympanic membrane and multiple them x20

Question 35

tympanic membrane

Answer 35

a membrane forming part of the organ of hearing, which vibrates in response to sound waves. Forms the eardrum

Question 36

Stereocilia

Answer 36

stick out of the hair cells and detect sounds of a specific wavelength. As it bends back and forth on the hair cells, an internal change in the hair cell itself is created. This change produces an electrical impulse that is carried to the auditory nerve.

Question 37

eardum

Answer 37

vibrated by air pressure changes due to sound waves

Question 38

middle ear bones

Answer 38

stimulated by ear drum, knocks against each other and magnify sound (around 20x)

Question 39

semicircular canals

Answer 39

balance (not hearing) in ear

Question 40

oval window

Answer 40

transmits vibrations from middle ear bones

Question 41

cochlea

Answer 41

tiny hairs respond to individual wavelengths of sound, generating AP in ear

Question 42

auditory nerve

Answer 42

transmit nerve impulse from cochlea to brain in ear

Question 43

round window

Answer 43

dissipates vibrations (dampens “used” sound stimulus) in ear

Question 44

pinna

Answer 44

collection of sound waves in ear