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YScience > Optics > Flashcards

Optics Flashcards

1
Q

The sun is ________ from the earth.

A

1.5 x 10^8 km

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2
Q

How is light produced?

A

Nuclear reactions within the sun produces lots of energy, expressed in the form of light.

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3
Q

We need the sun to:

A
  1. Keep the surface of the earth warm

2. Carry out photosynthesis in land and water ecosystems

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4
Q

Properties of Light

A
  • Travels in straight lines
  • Travels in a vacuum
  • Transferred by radiation
  • Doesn’t require a medium
  • Has both electric and magnetic properties
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5
Q

Medium

A

any physical substance through which energy can be transferred
Conduction (solids) and convection (liquids + gases) require a medium

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6
Q

Photons

A

Tiny packets of light

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7
Q

Wavelength

A

Distance from one crest or trough to another

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8
Q

Electromagnetic Waves Properties

A
  • Are not visible
  • Travel through a vacuum
  • Travel at the speed of light
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9
Q

Electromagnetic spectrum def

A

Classification system based on the energy of waves

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10
Q

Electromagnetic spectrum order + energy/wavelenth

A

Radiowaves, microwaves, infrared, visible, UV, x-ray, Gamma

Gets more energy and shorter wavelength

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11
Q

Radiowaves

A
  • Communication in mines, submarines, aircraft

- TV signals, radio, MRI

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12
Q

Microwaves

A
  • Microwaves
  • Radar in cars, airplanes
  • Satellites
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13
Q

Infrared light

A
  • Image infrared radiation
  • Motion sensors, burglar alarms, night vision googles
  • Remote control
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14
Q

Visible light

A

Photosynthesis

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15
Q

Ultraviolet light

A
  • Disinfect water
  • DNA analysis
  • Reveal substances unseen in visible light
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16
Q

X-Rays

A
  • Medical imaging
  • Security in airports
  • Photographing in machines to check for damage
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17
Q

Gamma Rays

A
  • Sterilize medical equipment

- Cancer treatment

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18
Q

Visible Light

A
  • Any electromagnetic wave that human eye can detect
  • Consists of 7 different colours
  • Red has longest wavelength (700 nanometers)
  • Violet has the shortest wavelength (400 nanometers)
  • Red Orange Yellow Green Blue Indigo Violet (ROY G BIV)
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19
Q

How Do Objects Produce Light?

A
  1. Atoms within the object absorb energy
  2. Atoms are now in an excited state
  3. Atoms quickly release energy
  4. Energy sometime released in the form of light
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20
Q

Incandesence: how?

A
  • Light produces when objects are heated to very high temperatures
  • Incandescent light bulbs are only 5-10% efficient at producing light, the rest is lost as heat
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21
Q

Incandesence: examples

A
  • Incandesence bulb
  • Burning candle
  • Stove element
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22
Q

Electric Discharge: how?

A
  • Electricity is passed through gas

- The electricity allows electrons to absorb energy and release it as photons of light

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23
Q

Electric Discharge: examples

A
  • Neon lights

- Lightning bolts

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24
Q

Phosphoresence: how?

A

Occurs when an object absorbs UV light and returns it for several seconds to days causing them to glow for longer

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25
Q

Phosphoresence: examples

A
  • Glow in the dark

- Dials on wristwatches or clocks

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26
Q

Fluorescence: how?

A
  • Occurs when object absorbs UV light and immediately releases a lower energy light in visible range
  • Can provide same light output as an equivalent incandescent bulb but produces less heat and less electricity
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27
Q

Fluorescence: examples

A
  • Fluorescent light bulbls

- Highlighters

28
Q

Chemiluminscence: how?

A

Light is generated by the energy released in a chemical reaction

29
Q

Chemiluminscence: examples

A

Glow sticks

30
Q

Biolominescence: how?

A

Light is produced by chemical reactions in living organisms with litttle or no heat produced

31
Q

Biolominescence: examples

A
  • Marine organisms (jellyfish)

- Fireflies

32
Q

Triboluminescence: how

A

The production of light when crystals are scratched, crushed, or rubbed

33
Q

Triboluminescence: examples

A

Quartz crystals

34
Q

Ray Model of Light

A
  • Show the path of light
  • Light ray= straight line with arrow
  • Ray box or flashlight illustrates that light travels in straight lines (you never see a beam of light coming out of a flashlight crooked)
  • When rays come from a point source (candle), they radiate out in diff directions
35
Q

Specular reflection

A

series of parallel incident rays strikes a mirror, reflected rays are parallel to each other

36
Q

Diffuse reflection

A

When parallel rays strike an irregular surface, the reflected rays are scattered = doesn’t produce a clear image

37
Q

Transparent objects

A
  • materials that absorb and reflect little to no light
  • allows light to pass it easily
  • allows objects behind it to be clearly seen
38
Q

Translucent object

A
  • materials that absorb and reflect some light
  • most of light passes through with some change in direction
  • does not allow you to clearly see objects behind it
39
Q

Opaque objects

A
  • objects that do not let light pass through
    all incident light is either absorbed or reflected
  • cannot see objects behind opaque materials
40
Q

Laws of Reflection

A
  1. Angle of incidence equals the angle of reflection in a plane mirror
  2. The incident ray, reflected ray, and the normal all lie on the same plane (2 dimensional surface)
41
Q

Rules to remember when drawing diagrams:

A
  • Label degrees of angles
  • Number rays
  • Anything behind the mirror is dashed
  • The normal is dashed
  • Rays have to have arrows
42
Q

Index of Refraction def

A

Ratio of speed of light in a vacuum and the speed of light in that medium

43
Q

Calculate index of refraction formulas

A 
n = c/v
n = sin <i></i>
44
Q

Concave def

A

Converging; inner surface is reflective

45
Q

Convex def

A

Diverging; outer surface is reflective

46
Q

Concave: SALT beyond C

A

Smaller
Inverted
Between C and F
Real

47
Q

Concave: At C

A

Same size
Inverted
At C
Real

48
Q

Concave: Between C and F

A

Larger
Inverted
Beyond C
Real

49
Q

Concave: At F

A

NO CLEAR IMAGE

50
Q

Concave: Inside F

A

Larger
Upright
Behind mirror
Virtual

51
Q

Concave Rules

A
  • any incident ray parallel to the principle axis will reflect to pass through F
  • an incident ray that passes through C will reflect back onto itself
  • an incident ray that passes through F will reflect off the mirror parallel to the principle axis
  • a light ray at V will follow the law of reflection with the principle axis being the normal
52
Q

Convex SALT

A

Smaller
Upright
Behind mirror
Virtual

53
Q

Refraction

A

Bending of light when it passes from one medium to another in which speed and direction of light changes

54
Q

Refraction: rare to dense

A

towards normal

55
Q

Refraction: dense to rare

A

away from normal

56
Q

Total internal refraction conditions

A
  1. Light is travelling more slowly in the first medium than in the second
  2. The angle of incidence is large enough that no refraction occurs in the second medium. Instead the ray is reflected back into the first medium
57
Q

Refraction: angle of incidence is smaller than critical angle

A

both the refraction and reflection occur at the boundary between the 2 media

58
Q

Refraction: angle of incidence is the critical angle

A

refracted ray lies along interface

59
Q

Refraction: angle of incidence larger than critical angle

A

All light is reflected back into first medium; total internal reflection, no refraction.

60
Q

n

A

index of refraction (is specific for a particular substance)

61
Q

c

A

speed of light in a vacuum/air (3.00 x 10^8 m/s)

62
Q

v

A

speed of light in a given medium

63
Q

Sun - how is light produced

A

H atoms collide and combine to form Helium, releasing energy; some in the form of light.

63
Q

Light Emitting Diode: examples

A
  • christmas lights
  • traffic lights
  • illuminated signs
65
Q

Light emitting diode: how?

A
  • electricity is run through semiconductor and can only move 1 direction
  • certain semiconductors will produce visible light
  • don’t require filament and produce less heat and waste
66
Q

Concave: application

A
  • search light: light source is at focus and reflected rays form parallel beam
  • telescope: parallel light rays focused into clear image after reflecting off concave
67
Q

Convex: application

A
  • reflected rays from object never form real image
  • brain projects rays behind mirror = smaller, upright, virtual image
  • show wide range in cameras or car side-view mirrors

YScience (12 decks)

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