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ALL Flashcards

1
Q

Synthesis

A

A + B = AB

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2
Q

Decomposition

A

AB = A + B

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3
Q

Single Displacement Concepts

A

Metal + water = base + H2

Metal + acid = ionic compound + H2

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4
Q

Double Displacement Concepts

A

Acid + base = salt + water

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5
Q

Combustion

A

CxHy + O2 = CO2 + H2O

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6
Q

Respiratory + Circulatory Systems

A
  • Oxygen is breathed in and ends up at alveoli
  • O2 diffuses into capillaries and into artery blood which returns to heart via vein and is pumped to rest of body cells
  • At the same time, capillaries release CO2 from blood into alveoli
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7
Q

Digestive + Circulatory Systems

A
  • Digestive breaks down food and releases nutrients
  • Nutrients are absorbed into bloodstream
  • Circulatory transports all around body cells
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8
Q

Radiowaves

A
  • Communication in mines, submarines, aircraft

- TV signals, radio, MRI

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9
Q

Microwaves

A
  • Microwaves
  • Radar in cars, airplanes
  • Satellites
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10
Q

Infrared light

A
  • Image infrared radiation
  • Motion sensors, burglar alarms, night vision googles
  • Remote control
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11
Q

Visible light

A

Photosynthesis

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12
Q

Ultraviolet light

A
  • Disinfect water
  • DNA analysis
  • Reveal substances unseen in visible light
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13
Q

X-Rays

A
  • Medical imaging
  • Security in airports
  • Photographing in machines to check for damage
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14
Q

Gamma Rays

A
  • Sterilize medical equipment

- Cancer treatment

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15
Q

Concave: application

A
  • search light: light source is at focus and reflected rays form parallel beam
  • telescope: parallel light rays focused into clear image after reflecting off concave
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16
Q

Convex: application

A
  • reflected rays from object never form real image
  • brain projects rays behind mirror = smaller, upright, virtual image
  • show wide range in cameras or car side-view mirrors
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17
Q

Explain how a mirage is formed on a pavement.

A
  • as pavement heats up, the air above it gets warm + less dense
  • the air higher up is still cool and therefore has a higher index of refraction
  • when light ray’s angle of incidence becomes greater than critical angle, total internal refraction occurs
  • the wet appearance is actually a reflection of the sky
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18
Q

Explain how light shimmers on water.

A
  • at night, water is warmer than land and gives off heat causing moonlight (reflected sunlight) to refract as it passes through different layers.
  • light is reflected + refracted; partial and total internal reflection occurs
  • this produces multiple images of the moon at various speesd
19
Q

Explain how raindrops act like a prism.

A
  • during/after rain, thousands of raindrops are in the air
  • sun rays penetrate drops, causing refraction
  • light is separated into different colours because certain colours are slowed down (dispersion)
  • this beam of colours is partially internally reflected off the back + front of the drop which refracts it again and separates it more
  • the light hits your eye; you project the rays backwards to form virtual image of the spectrum
20
Q

Explain how refraction causes the pencil to appear closer to the surface than it actually is.

A
  • incident ray is bent at water/air boundary and refracted
  • refracted ray hits our eyes
  • we project the rays back in a straight line, making the object to be shallower than it is
21
Q

Latitude

A
  • Sun hits Earth directly overhead while at poles it strikes at an angle
  • Sun’s energy is shining on a smaller area, so it’s stronger at equator
  • At poles, the radiation travels through more of the atmosphere, which absorbs + reflects radiation so less reaches the ground
22
Q

Effect of Large Bodies of Water

A
  • Water has high specific heat capacity so it takes more energy to heat up and longer for it to cool
  • Regions near bodies of water will have lake effect
23
Q

Currents

A
  • Difference in latitude and different rate of absorption causes currents
  • Higher temperature = more spread out = less dense
  • Convection current in water
  • Cold dense air moves from higher pressure to low = wind
  • Air and wind currents travel from equator to poles
24
Q

Landforms

A
  • As clouds blow over mountain, rain on windward while leeward is dry
  • RAIN SHADOW
  • Warm air meets cold mountain, air cools, gets dense, falls as rain
  • Leeward side is dry because no moisture left
25
Q

Altitude

A
  • At high altitudes, atmospheric pressure is lower because less air pushing down
  • As air moves from lower to higher altitudes, it expands
  • It spreads out and it’s colder
  • Alpine climate
26
Q

First Example of Positive Feedback Loops in climate?

A

Water Vapour feedback loop:

Warmer temperature ➨ more evaporation ➨ even warmer temperature

27
Q

Second Example of Positive Feedback Loops in climate?

A

Albedo Effect:

Warmer temperature ➨ melts snow/ice ➨ even warmer temperature (less reflection, more absorption of heat)

28
Q

Primary Footprint: def

A

direct emissions of carbon dioxide from the burning of fossil fuels (we have direct control over this)

29
Q

Primary Footprint: examples

A
  • Gas, oil, coal (domestic energy consumption)
  • Electricity
  • Private transport
  • Public transport
  • Holiday flights
30
Q

Secondary Footprint: def

A

measure of the indirect carbon dioxide emissions as a result of the manufacture and breakdown of the products we use

31
Q

Secondary Footprint: examples

A
  • Share of public services
  • Financial services
  • Recreation & leisure
  • Buildings and furnishings
  • Car manufacture & delivery
  • Clothes
32
Q

Reducing Primary Footprint

A
  • Walk/take TTC
  • Turn down heat
  • Turn off lights
  • Eat less meat
  • Buy energy efficient appliances
  • Use fluorescent lights
33
Q

Reducing Secondary Footprint

A
  • Reduce consumption of goods (needs vs wants)
  • Eat out less often
  • Buy locally
  • Vacation locally
  • Recycle/reuse
  • Don’t drink bottled water
34
Q

Proxy: Ice Core Data

A
  • Sample of ice taken from ice sheet or ice cap
  • Greenland and Antarctica; 800,000 years
  • They contain air bubbles and dust and dirt
  • Ice core gas bubbles can be analyzed for amount of CO2, methane, and nitrous oxide contained in them
  • Oxygen isotopes
  • Water containing O-18 is heavier and needs more energy/heat to evaporate it, so this happens which the temperatures are warmer
35
Q

Proxy: Dendrochronology

A
  • Trees in temperature climates produce 1 growth ring per year
    In wetter, warmer years, the tree rings are wider; in drier, cooler years, narrower
  • By comparing the patterns of tree rings, the records may go back over 10,000 years
  • In Ontario, dendrochronology allows scientists to study climate for the past 2750 years
36
Q

Proxy: Coral Reefs

A
  • Add layers of growth each season and can be drilled to study their layers
  • Help determine the temperature of the ocean when the layer was growing
  • Corals build their skeletons out of calcium carbonate
  • Isotopes of oxygen may be O-18 or O-16
  • Higher proportions of O-18 indicates cooler ocean temperatures when that layer was formed (when temperature is cool, O-16 will evaporate because it’s lighter)
37
Q

Proxy: Soil Layers

A
  • Contain pollen and plant and animal fossils
  • Crawford Lake in Ontario is a mercomictic lake: bottom layers remain undisturbed
  • Plants produce large amounts of pollen and it is decay-resistance
  • Specific plant species can be identified by their pollen
  • Since weather conditions affect plant growth, climate patterns may then be established
38
Q

Proxy: Cave Formations

A
  • Cave formations (eg. stalactites) grow as minerals dissolved in water solidify into rock (often calcium carbonate)
  • Layers can then be measured and dated; they grow faster in rainy years than in dry
39
Q

Evidence of Climate Change

A
  1. Global temps
  2. Melting glaciers
  3. Severe weather
  4. Sea level rise
  5. Precipitation patterns
  6. Mountain pine beetle
40
Q

Effects of Global Warming: Climate

A
  • Spring is coming 2 weeks earlier in some parts of the world which disrupts animal migrations and can have impacts on ecosystem balances
  • Heat waves are occuring which is causing droughts in some areas
  • Increased rainfall in areas is causing flooding
41
Q

Effects of Global Warming: Sea Levels

A

Rising as a result of melting of glaciers and expansion of ocean water, which is causing coastal flooding

42
Q

Effects of Global Warming: Health

A
  • Heat waves cause deaths, especially among the elderly, young, ill, poor
  • Warmer temperatures have allowed disease-carrying mosquitos to migrate and extend their ranges
43
Q

Effects of Global Warming: Ecosystems

A
  • Coral reefs are dying because water temperature is rising
  • Disruption of the Arctic climate due to warming of Arctic Ocean and melting the ice may lead to the extinction of polar bears

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