ALL Flashcards
Synthesis
A + B = AB
Decomposition
AB = A + B
Single Displacement Concepts
Metal + water = base + H2
Metal + acid = ionic compound + H2
Double Displacement Concepts
Acid + base = salt + water
Combustion
CxHy + O2 = CO2 + H2O
Respiratory + Circulatory Systems
- Oxygen is breathed in and ends up at alveoli
- O2 diffuses into capillaries and into artery blood which returns to heart via vein and is pumped to rest of body cells
- At the same time, capillaries release CO2 from blood into alveoli
Digestive + Circulatory Systems
- Digestive breaks down food and releases nutrients
- Nutrients are absorbed into bloodstream
- Circulatory transports all around body cells
Radiowaves
- Communication in mines, submarines, aircraft
- TV signals, radio, MRI
Microwaves
- Microwaves
- Radar in cars, airplanes
- Satellites
Infrared light
- Image infrared radiation
- Motion sensors, burglar alarms, night vision googles
- Remote control
Visible light
Photosynthesis
Ultraviolet light
- Disinfect water
- DNA analysis
- Reveal substances unseen in visible light
X-Rays
- Medical imaging
- Security in airports
- Photographing in machines to check for damage
Gamma Rays
- Sterilize medical equipment
- Cancer treatment
Concave: application
- search light: light source is at focus and reflected rays form parallel beam
- telescope: parallel light rays focused into clear image after reflecting off concave
Convex: application
- reflected rays from object never form real image
- brain projects rays behind mirror = smaller, upright, virtual image
- show wide range in cameras or car side-view mirrors
Explain how a mirage is formed on a pavement.
- as pavement heats up, the air above it gets warm + less dense
- the air higher up is still cool and therefore has a higher index of refraction
- when light ray’s angle of incidence becomes greater than critical angle, total internal refraction occurs
- the wet appearance is actually a reflection of the sky
Explain how light shimmers on water.
- at night, water is warmer than land and gives off heat causing moonlight (reflected sunlight) to refract as it passes through different layers.
- light is reflected + refracted; partial and total internal reflection occurs
- this produces multiple images of the moon at various speesd
Explain how raindrops act like a prism.
- during/after rain, thousands of raindrops are in the air
- sun rays penetrate drops, causing refraction
- light is separated into different colours because certain colours are slowed down (dispersion)
- this beam of colours is partially internally reflected off the back + front of the drop which refracts it again and separates it more
- the light hits your eye; you project the rays backwards to form virtual image of the spectrum
Explain how refraction causes the pencil to appear closer to the surface than it actually is.
- incident ray is bent at water/air boundary and refracted
- refracted ray hits our eyes
- we project the rays back in a straight line, making the object to be shallower than it is
Latitude
- Sun hits Earth directly overhead while at poles it strikes at an angle
- Sun’s energy is shining on a smaller area, so it’s stronger at equator
- At poles, the radiation travels through more of the atmosphere, which absorbs + reflects radiation so less reaches the ground
Effect of Large Bodies of Water
- Water has high specific heat capacity so it takes more energy to heat up and longer for it to cool
- Regions near bodies of water will have lake effect
Currents
- Difference in latitude and different rate of absorption causes currents
- Higher temperature = more spread out = less dense
- Convection current in water
- Cold dense air moves from higher pressure to low = wind
- Air and wind currents travel from equator to poles
Landforms
- As clouds blow over mountain, rain on windward while leeward is dry
- RAIN SHADOW
- Warm air meets cold mountain, air cools, gets dense, falls as rain
- Leeward side is dry because no moisture left
Altitude
- At high altitudes, atmospheric pressure is lower because less air pushing down
- As air moves from lower to higher altitudes, it expands
- It spreads out and it’s colder
- Alpine climate
First Example of Positive Feedback Loops in climate?
Water Vapour feedback loop:
Warmer temperature ➨ more evaporation ➨ even warmer temperature
Second Example of Positive Feedback Loops in climate?
Albedo Effect:
Warmer temperature ➨ melts snow/ice ➨ even warmer temperature (less reflection, more absorption of heat)
Primary Footprint: def
direct emissions of carbon dioxide from the burning of fossil fuels (we have direct control over this)
Primary Footprint: examples
- Gas, oil, coal (domestic energy consumption)
- Electricity
- Private transport
- Public transport
- Holiday flights
Secondary Footprint: def
measure of the indirect carbon dioxide emissions as a result of the manufacture and breakdown of the products we use
Secondary Footprint: examples
- Share of public services
- Financial services
- Recreation & leisure
- Buildings and furnishings
- Car manufacture & delivery
- Clothes
Reducing Primary Footprint
- Walk/take TTC
- Turn down heat
- Turn off lights
- Eat less meat
- Buy energy efficient appliances
- Use fluorescent lights
Reducing Secondary Footprint
- Reduce consumption of goods (needs vs wants)
- Eat out less often
- Buy locally
- Vacation locally
- Recycle/reuse
- Don’t drink bottled water
Proxy: Ice Core Data
- Sample of ice taken from ice sheet or ice cap
- Greenland and Antarctica; 800,000 years
- They contain air bubbles and dust and dirt
- Ice core gas bubbles can be analyzed for amount of CO2, methane, and nitrous oxide contained in them
- Oxygen isotopes
- Water containing O-18 is heavier and needs more energy/heat to evaporate it, so this happens which the temperatures are warmer
Proxy: Dendrochronology
- Trees in temperature climates produce 1 growth ring per year
In wetter, warmer years, the tree rings are wider; in drier, cooler years, narrower - By comparing the patterns of tree rings, the records may go back over 10,000 years
- In Ontario, dendrochronology allows scientists to study climate for the past 2750 years
Proxy: Coral Reefs
- Add layers of growth each season and can be drilled to study their layers
- Help determine the temperature of the ocean when the layer was growing
- Corals build their skeletons out of calcium carbonate
- Isotopes of oxygen may be O-18 or O-16
- Higher proportions of O-18 indicates cooler ocean temperatures when that layer was formed (when temperature is cool, O-16 will evaporate because it’s lighter)
Proxy: Soil Layers
- Contain pollen and plant and animal fossils
- Crawford Lake in Ontario is a mercomictic lake: bottom layers remain undisturbed
- Plants produce large amounts of pollen and it is decay-resistance
- Specific plant species can be identified by their pollen
- Since weather conditions affect plant growth, climate patterns may then be established
Proxy: Cave Formations
- Cave formations (eg. stalactites) grow as minerals dissolved in water solidify into rock (often calcium carbonate)
- Layers can then be measured and dated; they grow faster in rainy years than in dry
Evidence of Climate Change
- Global temps
- Melting glaciers
- Severe weather
- Sea level rise
- Precipitation patterns
- Mountain pine beetle
Effects of Global Warming: Climate
- Spring is coming 2 weeks earlier in some parts of the world which disrupts animal migrations and can have impacts on ecosystem balances
- Heat waves are occuring which is causing droughts in some areas
- Increased rainfall in areas is causing flooding
Effects of Global Warming: Sea Levels
Rising as a result of melting of glaciers and expansion of ocean water, which is causing coastal flooding
Effects of Global Warming: Health
- Heat waves cause deaths, especially among the elderly, young, ill, poor
- Warmer temperatures have allowed disease-carrying mosquitos to migrate and extend their ranges
Effects of Global Warming: Ecosystems
- Coral reefs are dying because water temperature is rising
- Disruption of the Arctic climate due to warming of Arctic Ocean and melting the ice may lead to the extinction of polar bears
