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Grade 10 > Optics > Flashcards

Optics Flashcards

1
Q

What is refraction

A

the bending or changing of the direction of light when it travels from one medium to another

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2
Q

Light travels at different

A

speeds in different materials

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3
Q

Speed of light in a vacuum

A

3.00 * 10 ^8 m/s

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4
Q

Speed of light in water

A

2.25*10^8 m/s

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5
Q

Physicists can measure the

A

optical density of a material

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6
Q

What is optical density

A

the ability of a meterial to slow down the movement of light

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7
Q

The higher the optical density the

A

slower the movement of light and thus the more bent the light appears

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8
Q

Is it possible for light to travel faster than it does in a vacuum

A

no! in a vaccuum light will move as fast as it can,

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9
Q

Why does light move the fastest in a vaccuum

A

as there is nothing to slow it down

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10
Q

When light travels from one medium it will

A

change direction and appear to bend

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11
Q

Thus refraction occurs

A

as light crosses the boundary between two different materials

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12
Q

When light moves from one medium into another of greater optical density the refracted ray will

A

bend towards the normal
(slowing down)

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13
Q

When light moves from one medium into another of lower optical density the refracted ray will

A

bend away from the normal (speeding up

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14
Q

when light moves from water to air it

A

bends away from the normal

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15
Q

And image in water will appear

A

closert to the surface than the object

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16
Q

Total internal reflection can occur when

A

light moves from a medium with greater optical density into a medium with lower optical density

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17
Q

As light refracts some light will

A

also reflect back and follow the law of reflection

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18
Q

As the angle of incidence increases, the intensity of light gets

A

weaker in therefracted ray and stronger in the reflected ray.

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19
Q

The critical angle (OC) is the angle of incidence where the refracted ray is

A

directly on the boundary, 90 degrees to the normal

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20
Q

At an angle of incidence

A

reater than the critical angle, light does not refract at all, and only reflects back into the initial medium

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21
Q

The principle of total internal reflection is used in many places including

A

periscopes, binoculars, and retroreflection

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22
Q

Diamonds are cut in specific ways to make use of what

A

total internal reflection
Total internal reflection makes them sparkle

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23
Q

Fiber optic cables work because of

A

total internal reflection

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24
Q

Light travels at different

A

speeds in different mateirials

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25
Q

Physcistits compare the speed of light in a vaccuum to the

A

speed of light in a particular medium,

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26
Q

The ratio comparing the speed of light in different materials is called

A

the index of refraction

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27
Q

The speed of light is different for each medium but is always

A

less than the speed of light in a vaccuum

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28
Q

You can determine the index of refraction (n) by doing what

A

dividing (C) speed of light by (v) speed of light in your materials

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29
Q

C and v are both speeds which means that n will have no

A

units, it is a dimensionless quantity

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30
Q

Where have you seen or used lenses

A

glasses, contacts, magnifying lenses, microscopes, telescopes, camera

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31
Q

The eye also contains a lens which allows you to focus on objects

A

near and far

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32
Q

Leses consist of two basic shapes

A

convex - converging
concave-diverging

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33
Q

Convex lenses are thickes in the

A

middle

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34
Q

lens CONVEX-light rays that are parrallel to the PA will

A

converge through a single point after they have been refracted

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35
Q

CONVEX-The thicker the lens

A

the smaller the focal legnth

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36
Q

Concave lenses are thinnes in the

A

middle

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37
Q

CONCAVE-light rays that are parrallel to the principal axis will

A

diverge as if they had come from a single point

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38
Q

CONCAVE-The thicker the lens

A

the smaller the focal legnth

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39
Q

There are always two

A

points of refraction in a lens

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40
Q

The first point of refraction is

A

at the boundary between the air and glass

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41
Q

the second point of refraction is

A

between the glass and the air

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42
Q

we will simplify our diagrams by adding a

A

central line and only showingg light refracting once

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43
Q

CONVEX: primary focus

A

light rays parrallell to the principal axis meet being refracted (F)

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44
Q

CONVEX: secondary focus

A

located on the same side as the incident rays F’

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45
Q

CONVEX: Twice the focal legnth is

A

2F 2F’

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46
Q

CONVEX: Optical center is

A

(O) the middle of the lens and the point at which the principal axis meets the lens

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47
Q

CONVEX: an incident ray that goes through F’ will

A

refract parrallell to the principal axis

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48
Q

CONVEX: an incident ray that goes through O will

A

continue on the same path

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49
Q

CONVEX: an incident ray parrallell to PA will

A

refract through FA

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50
Q

CONVEX: An incident ray passing through 2F’ will

A

refract through 2F

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51
Q

CONCAVE: what switches for concave lenses

A

F and F’
F is now on the incident side

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52
Q

CONCAVE: An incident ray parrallel to the PA that meet the lens will

A

refract as if it came from the focal

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53
Q

CONCAVE: an incident ray moving towayrds F’ will

A

refract parrallell to PA

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54
Q

CONCAVE: an incident ray that goes through O will

A

Continue

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55
Q

LEns CONVEX: beyond 2F (SALT)

A

Smaller, Inverted, Between F and 2F, Real

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56
Q

CONVEX: at 2F (SALT)

A

Same, Inverted, On 2F, real

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57
Q

lens CONVEX: Between F and 2F

A

Larger, Inverted, Farther than 2F, Real

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58
Q

CONVEX: At F

A

NO IMAGE

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59
Q

CONVEX: Between F and O

A

Larger, Upright, Between F and lens, Virtual

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60
Q

CONCAVE: Beyond 2F

A

Smaller, Upright, Between F and the lens, virtual

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61
Q

CONCAVE: At 2F

A

Smaller, Upright, Between F and the lens, virtual

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62
Q

CONCAVE: Between F and O

A

Smaller, Upright, Between F and lens, Virtual

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63
Q

Equation to find the focal legnth

A

1/F (focal legnth) =

1/di

(distance from mirror lens to image, if negative image is virtual)

+ 1/do (distance from mirror lens to object)

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64
Q

WHat is magnification

A

the change in image size compared to the object

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65
Q

Give me the equation for M using height of image, and height of object

A

M (Magnification =
hi/ho

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66
Q

Give me the equation for m using distance of image and distance of object

A

M= -di/do

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67
Q

give me the equation for M using height of image, heigh of object, distance of image, and distance of object

A

M=hi/ho=-di/do

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68
Q

If the image height is - the image is

A

inverted

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69
Q

IF the image size is greater than the object the magnification will be

A

greater than 1

70
Q

IF the image size is smaller than the object the magnification will be

A

less than 1

71
Q

Where is the optical nerve

A

behind the ey

72
Q

What is the cornea

A

the very outer part of the front curve (looks like a contact)

73
Q

What does the lens look like

A

a circle in the eye (inside)

74
Q

What does the pupil look like

A

air bubble above the lens

75
Q

The sclera is

A

the outer part of the rest of the eye

76
Q

Choroid is

A

the first ring below the sclera

77
Q

The retina is

A

the second ring below the sclera

78
Q

the fovea is

A

the bumpy part at the back

79
Q

The iris iss

A

the little bumps in the pupil

80
Q

The ciliary body is

A

the part of the eye inside the sclera that doesn’t have a retina or choroid

81
Q

The entire eye is a focusing system that involves

A

the cornea, the lens, the retina

82
Q

Good eyesight requires

A

precise focusing of light rays onto the retina

83
Q

The CORNEA

A

Outer layer of the eye,

made of living celss that are completely clear,

light arriving at the cornea is refracted through the pupil

84
Q

THE LENS

A

the lens is convex

The focal legnth can be adjusted to meet different needs

The lens is attached to cilary body, which can contract or relax to alter the shape of the lens

85
Q

When muscles in teh they eye contract the lens becomes

A

more spherical and thicker, to focus on nearby objects

86
Q

When muscles in the eye relax the lens becomes

A

less spherical and thin to focus on distant objects

87
Q

The RETINA

A

a layer of light sensitive tissue in the back of the eye

the light has already been focused by the cornea, pupil and lens

The image is formed inverted but the brain interprets the image as rightside up

88
Q

3 categories of vision issues

A

Hyperopia (Far sighted)
Myopia (Near sighted)
Astigmatism (unable ot focus light rays)

89
Q

Hyperopia

A

can focus on distant image, can’t see nearby

Eye can’t make the lens thick enough to foucs light on the retina, light is not refracted enough

90
Q

Myopia

A

can focus on nearby objects and have difficulty focusing on distant objects,

the eye cannot make lens thin enough to focus light rays on the retina the light is refracted too much

91
Q

Astigmatism

A

the eye is unable to focus light rays on the retina because of an irregualr shape of the cornea

92
Q

Where’s MY CAVE oh it’s NEAR WE’RE IN FRONT OF IT

A

Myopia
Concave
nearsighted
light rays cross infront of the retina

93
Q

Conduction

A

thermal energy can be transferred between molecules in direct contact with each other

94
Q

Heating up a pot or pan and the handles hot or place a spoon in tea and it gets hot is what

A

Conduction

95
Q

Materials that aren’t good conductors
WHat are they called

A

Plastic, wood

Heat can’t travel easily

Insulators

96
Q

What percent of the energy of sun is reflected back into space and by what

A

29

by clouds, particles in the atmosphere and the Earth’s surface

97
Q

what happens to the remaining 71% of energy from the sun

A

it is absorbed by earth’s surface, clouds and gasses in the atmospher

98
Q

Earth’ warm surface emits

A

lower energy infrared radiation back out

99
Q

The amount of energy radiated by earth’s system is

A

equal to the amount of energy earth’s system absorbs by the sun

Since these energy amounts are balanced Earth’s global temp stays fairly consistent

100
Q

Albedo is

A

the relative amount of the sun’s energy reflected by a surface

101
Q

Albedo warming

A

albedo decreases as ice melts-water absorbs more heat-arctic gets warmer-ice melts

102
Q

Albedo cooling

A

albedo increases-ice reflects more heat-arctic cools-ice forms

103
Q

What is a low albedo substance

A

water

104
Q

what is a high albedo substance

A

snow

105
Q

SOup on stove spoon gets hot, what is this

A

conduction

106
Q

Heater warms the pool

A

convection

107
Q

warm day bench at park is warm

A

radiation

108
Q

bbq you feel hot

A

radiation

109
Q

Why can’t conduction and convection occur in space

A

Heat conduction and convection do not occur in space since there is no air in space. Heat transfers in space, which is a vacuum, only by radiation.

110
Q

Does warm water rise or fall in cold water

A

Rise. This is because the warm water is less dense and it floats on the cold water – in the same way that a cork floats because it is less dense than water.

111
Q

Why doesn’t convection occur in solids

A

Convection is not possible in solids because for convection to take place the molecules of a substance should be free to move like liquids and gases. The molecules of a solid are tightly packed together, thus making it difficult for molecules to move around for convection to take place.

112
Q

We can see our surroundings because

A

light bounces off of objects and into our eyes

113
Q

the electromagnetic spectrum is made up of

A

different sized wavelegnth

114
Q

Humans or only able to the see the

A

visible portion of the EM spectrum

115
Q

The shortest wavelegnths are, the longest are

A

gamma waves, radio waves

116
Q

all of the different wavelengnths combine together to

A

form a continuous spectrum

117
Q

what is our most abundant light source

A

the sun

118
Q

How does the sun make light

A

when energetic hydrogen atoms at the center of the sun collide they sometimes combine or fuse to form helium. These reactions are called fusion reactions. SOme of the energy produced by fusion is emitted as light

119
Q

white light

A

most sources emit white light. White light is a combination of all wavelegnths of light. When light passes through a prism it is dividied into specific wavelegnths (colours)

120
Q

rods

A

sensitive to dark changes shape and movement they are not effective at deticting colour

121
Q

cones

A

used for colour vision and are wavelegnth specific

122
Q

red cones

A

detecets long wavelegnths (red, orange, yellow)

123
Q

green cones

A

detects medium wavelegnths, (yellow, green, blue)

124
Q

blue cones

A

detects short wavelegnths (blue vilet)

125
Q

when is a person colourblind

A

when one or more types of their cones are partially or completely defficient

126
Q

dog vision

A

dogs have 2 types of cones (can’t see red, orange and some yellow)

127
Q

bee and butterfly vision

A

better vision able to see colours that we can’t, can see in to the ultraviolet region

128
Q

Incandescence

A

energy in-energy out (light. Something gets really hot and releases energy as light.

Examples: heating up a strucutre and it glows red. Incandescent light bulb filaments get really hot and glow bright white

129
Q

electric discharge

A

electric current through a gas. the gas releases the energy as light.

Examples: neon signs, lighting

130
Q

phosphorescence

A

materirals absorb UV energy and release the energy over a long period of time.

Example: Glow in the dark

131
Q

fluorescence

A

materirals absorb UV energy and release the energy immediately as visible light.

Example: Fluorescent bulb, comact fluorescent bulb, detergents

132
Q

chimluminescence

A

light from chemical reaction , example: glowsticks, luminol

133
Q

bioluminescence

A

light produced by chemical reactions within living things.

Examples: jellyfish, algae, fireflies, angler fish

134
Q

triboluminescence

A

light produced from hitting or sticking rocks or crystales (friction)

example: flint, flint lighters

135
Q

LED (light emitting diodes)

A

electricity passes through specific materials (semiconductors like silicon or galium), that release particular wavelegths of light

Examples: phone screens, computer screens, TVs, anything with red, green blue

136
Q

light travels in

A

straight lines

137
Q

lights straight lines are represented by

A

rays which show direction that light travels after it leaves its source

138
Q

rays

A

each ray ends with an arrow, to indicate the direction of travel. IF more rays reach your eye the brighter the object appears

139
Q

rays leaving the source

A

travelling toward an object travel closely to one another

140
Q

the science of how light reflects and bends is called

A

geometric optics

141
Q

angle of incidence =

A

angle of relflection

142
Q

images are formed in the location wher

A

the relfelcted light rays cross. Therefore when your eyes detereflected light from a plane mirror, your brain projects these light rays backwards in a straight line. Your brain perceives a light source behind the mirror and that this source is where the light rays originate. this type of image is called a virtual image

143
Q

a virual image is

A

an image formed by light coming from an apparent light source behind the mirror. the reflected light rays from a plane mirror will nvever cross in front of the mirror. However if the reflected light rays are extended behind the mirror the rays will appear to cross. this is where the image is found

144
Q

SALT

A

Size of Image: comparison to object

Altitude of Image: image orientation compared to object

Location of image: point where reflected rays cross or appear to cross, how far from the mirror the image is compared to object

Type of Image: a real image or virtual

145
Q

two characteristics of plane mirrors

A

virtual images, angile i= angle r

146
Q

angle of incidence

A

angle where ray hits mirror

147
Q

angle of reflection

A

angle leaving mirror

148
Q

incident ray

A

ray of light going towards mirror

149
Q

normal

A

perpendicualr line from mirror

150
Q

reflected ray

A

light ray reflected from mirror

151
Q

Curved mirror

A

depending on whether the reflective coating is on the inside or outside of the curve will decide if its a concave or convex mirror.

If coated on inside its concave
if coated on outside convex

152
Q

circle terminology for mirrors

A

a curved mirror is a cut out section of a circle. IN mah the distance from the curve to the centre of the circle is referred as the radius. for the purpose of mirrors this called the center of urvature

153
Q

principal axis

A

a line through the cneter of the of curvature that strikes the mirror at a 90 degree angle

154
Q

vertex

A

point of a curve mirror wher PA meets mirror

155
Q

the center of curvature and vertex are on

A

the principal axis

156
Q

half of the distance between the centre of curvature and mirros is

A

focus or focal point. this is why focus is F and center of curvature is 2F

157
Q

Concave: when incident ray goes through the center of curvature the reflected ray will

A

reflect back on itself

158
Q

Concave: incident ray parallel to pa will

A

reflect through focal point

159
Q

Concave: incident ray passing through focus will

A

reflect parallel to PA

160
Q

Convex: Parallele to Pa

A

reflect from focal

161
Q

convex: passing through focus

A

reflect Parallelt to PA

162
Q

convex: trhough center of curvature

A

back on itself

163
Q

concave beyond C

A

smaller, upside down, closer, real

164
Q
A
165
Q

concave at c

A

similar size, upside down, at c real

166
Q

concave vetween f and c

A

larger, upside down, on c, real

167
Q

concave at f

A

wont reflect

168
Q

concave between f and the mirror

A

larger upright further virtual

169
Q

convex far from mirror

A

smaller, right side up, closer (f and mirror), virtual

170
Q

convex closer to mirror

A

smaller, upright, between mirror and f, virtual

171
Q

convex closest to mirror

A

smaller upright, between mirror and f, virtual

172
Q
A

Grade 10 (6 decks)

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