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Grade 10 Science > Bio 2 > Flashcards

Bio 2 Flashcards

1
Q

Sexually reproducing organisms start out life as

A

a fertilized egg cell: zygote

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2
Q

Mitosis allows

A

a zygote to divide into many billions of cells

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3
Q

Cell specialization occurs when

A

any one cell differs from those around it in appearance of function

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4
Q

3 factors that influence cell specialization

A

cells cytoplasm
environmental conditions
the effect of neighbouring cells

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5
Q

The cell’s cytoplasm

A

the organelles may not be equally distributed after mitosis.

May get more:
vacuoles-stoarge cell
golgi-packaging cell
mitochondria-energy
ribosomes-proteins

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6
Q

Environmental conditions

A

temperature cells are exposed to may influence expression of genes and nutrients available to the cell

How much and what a stem cell is fed affects its development

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7
Q

The effect of neighbouring cells

A

where a cell is in a multicellular organism influences how it behaves each cell recieves chemical signals from the cells around it a cell receives different signals based on where it is in the organism. These signals cause the cell to differentiate appropriately

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8
Q

Epithelial tissue

A

these tissue form a layer around other tissues

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9
Q

skin epithelia

A

flat cells that form a semi-permeable barrier between the body and the outside world

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10
Q

columnar epithelia

A

cells linin ghte intestine, stomach, glands. Secrete mucous and absorb materials

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11
Q

Skeletal muscle

A

made up of long cells that align to look striped. Attach to bones to allow movement. Can contract quickly and with force

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12
Q

smooth muscle

A

made up of cells that do not look striated (Striped). found in blood vessels, digestive organs. Contract slowly but can sustain contractions.

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13
Q

cardiac muscle

A

found only in the heart. appear to be striated unevenly/ Work together all contract at once. Do not get tired

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14
Q

Nervous tissue

A

consist of neuron crells, which have long projections to recieve and transfer signals. Function to coordinate body actions.

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15
Q

Connective tissue:bone

A

consists of protein hardened by calcium. Needed for protection support and movement

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16
Q

Connective tissue: fat or adipose tissue

A

large cells around organs and under skin. Provide energy storage and insulation.

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17
Q

Connective tissue: blood

A

red blood cells carry oxygen to cells. WHite blood cells attack invaders to protect the body. Platelets release fibrin to clot the blood

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18
Q

Meristematic tissue

A

unspecialized tissue capable of dividing by mitosis only found in root tips, buds and cambium

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19
Q

epidermal tissue

A

protective outer coating involved in water entering roots nad gases entering or leaving leaf

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20
Q

ground tissue

A

provides support for stem storage of food and water in roots site of photosynthesis in leaves

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21
Q

vascular tissue

A

xylem moves water and dissolved minerals up from the roots

phloem moves dissolved sugars (food) down from the leaves

xylem and phloem are found together in a vascular bundle.

Cambium is meristematic tissue that makes xylem and phlowem

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22
Q

thicker means

A

secondary growth

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23
Q

comparing Plants vs animals: epidermal and epithelial

A

both protect, both allow

epidermal allow entry

epithelial absorb

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24
Q

comparing Plants vs animals: ground and connective

A

both support, both store

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25
Q

comparing Plants vs animals: vascular and muscle

A

both transport

arteries and veins are in muscle tissue

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26
Q

comparing Plants vs animals: meristimatic and all animal tissue

A

can divide and grow

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27
Q

3 challenges with cell specialization

A

regeneration, stem cells, manipulating stem cells

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28
Q

regeneration

A

if a salamander loses a limb it can regenerate

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29
Q

why cant humans regenrate limbs

A

before birth all stem cells are set in humans

30
Q

what is a stem cell

A

in animals it is a cell that can differentiate into many different cell types, is called a stem cell.

After cell division daughter cells can dvelop into a different type of cell based on which parts of its DNA is switched on.

31
Q

Embryonicstem cells

A

can differentiate into any kind of cell

32
Q

tissue stem cells

A

adult stem celss exist within specialized tissue and can only differentiate into certain types of cell

E.G stem cells in bone marrow can turn into white blodd cells, red blood cells, or platelets

33
Q

Manipulating stem celsl

A

unspecialized stem cells can be taken from an embryo. Problems of moral issues. More recently differentitated adult cells have been turned into unspecialized stem cells

34
Q

4 values of stem cells

A

Replace cells damaged by drugs/radiation (bone marrow in cancer treatment)

Replace nerve cells as these do not grow in adults (spinal injuries)

Replace diseased cells (leukemia)

Replace organs (grow a bladder in lab from own cells)

35
Q

Bone

A

tree rings, circular pattern,

36
Q

fat

A

circles with gaps, big open spaces, bubbles

37
Q

blood

A

lots of very tiny, white blood cell purple, tiny discs, larger cells, disposal throughout, more zoomed in then others

38
Q

skin

A

wide, flat

39
Q

trachya

A

border of something, hairs

40
Q

skeletal muscle

A

long thin, stripes

41
Q

smooth muslce

A

smooth shading lines

42
Q
A
43
Q

bone

A

tree rings, circular patterns, tree rings

44
Q

fat

A

circles with gaps, big open spaces bubbles

45
Q

blood

A

lots of tiny cells, tiny discs, larger cells throughout, more zoomed in, white blood cell purple

46
Q

skin

A

wide & flat

47
Q

trachya

A

border of something, scilia

48
Q

skeletal muscle

A

long flat, striped

49
Q

smooth muscle

A

lightly striped

50
Q

cardiac muscle

A

dots, lines

51
Q

11 different organ systems

A

integomentary, muscular, skeletal, nervous, endocrine, circulatory, lymphatic (immune), respiratory, digestive, urinary, reproductive

52
Q

the digestive system

A

physically and chemically breaks down food, absorbs nutrients into your body and ingests waste

53
Q

digestive system

A
  1. mouth, 2. esophagus, 3. liver, 4. stomach, 5. gall bladder, 6. pancreas, 7. large intestine, 8. small intestine, 9. appendix, 10. rectum, 11. anus
54
Q

the mouth

A

the teeth and tongue physically break down food. Saliva mosistens food. Enzymes in saliva chemcially break down starch (a carb)

55
Q

swallowing

A

the epiglottis prevents food from travelling down the trachea when swallowing. Muscular movements called peristalis move food down the esophagus to the stomach

56
Q

the stomach

A

the stomach minces and churns food to further break it down. Hydrochloric acid and enzymes mix with food to chemically digest the nutrients. Mucous prevents the walls of the stomach from being damaged

57
Q

the small intestine

A

nutrients are broken down chemically by enzymes from the small intestine and pancreas. Bile from the liver emulsifies fat. Bile is stored in the gallbladder. Nutrients are absorbed by vili.

58
Q

what are vili

A

microscopic projections that increase surface area

59
Q

the large intestine

A

water is reabsorbed. vitamin k is produced by bacteria

60
Q

what does vitamin k do

A

assists in blood clotting

61
Q

egestion

A

waste is stored in the rectum until it is eliminated. It takes 12-72 hours for food to pass through your entire digestive system. the entire digestive tract is about 5-6 meters long

62
Q

respiration

A

the respiratory system brings air rich in oxygen into the body and gets rid of air rich in carbon dioxide

63
Q

Order of the respiration system

A

naval cavity, pharynx, larynx, trachea, bronchus, alveoli.

Opposite backwards

64
Q

things on the diagram repiratory system

A

nostril, nasal cavity, mouth, pharynx, laryns, trachea, lung, brochus (larger splits), bronchiole (tiny parts), alveoli (little dots in corner)

65
Q

Gas inhaled
N2=78%
O2=21%
Ar=~1%
CO2=0.04%

A

Gas exhaled
N2=78%
O2= 16%
Ar=~1%
Co2=5%

66
Q

Inhalation

A

the diaphragm and intercostal muscles contract.

The chest cavity enlarges.
The pressure in the lungs decreases

Air rushes into the lungs

67
Q

exhalation

A

the diaphragm and intercostal muscles relax.

The chest cavity decreases in size

The pressure in the lungs increases

AIr rushes out of the lungs

68
Q

Air processing

A

blood vessels in your nasal cavity and respiratory passages warm the air.

mucus in your nasal cavity and respiratory passages moistens the air and also taps dust and germs

nose hairs increase the surface area of this mucous.

cilia in your respiratory passages sweep mucous out of lungs

69
Q

gas exchange

A

in the alveoli oxygen diffuses into blood vessels and carbon dioxide diffuses out of blood vessels

70
Q

circulation

A

the circulatory system distributes nutrients and oxygen to all of the body’s cells removes waste from cells and regulates waste from cells and regulates the body’s temperature

71
Q
A

Grade 10 Science (4 decks)

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