Bio 2 Flashcards
Sexually reproducing organisms start out life as
a fertilized egg cell: zygote
Mitosis allows
a zygote to divide into many billions of cells
Cell specialization occurs when
any one cell differs from those around it in appearance of function
3 factors that influence cell specialization
cells cytoplasm
environmental conditions
the effect of neighbouring cells
The cell’s cytoplasm
the organelles may not be equally distributed after mitosis.
May get more:
vacuoles-stoarge cell
golgi-packaging cell
mitochondria-energy
ribosomes-proteins
Environmental conditions
temperature cells are exposed to may influence expression of genes and nutrients available to the cell
How much and what a stem cell is fed affects its development
The effect of neighbouring cells
where a cell is in a multicellular organism influences how it behaves each cell recieves chemical signals from the cells around it a cell receives different signals based on where it is in the organism. These signals cause the cell to differentiate appropriately
Epithelial tissue
these tissue form a layer around other tissues
skin epithelia
flat cells that form a semi-permeable barrier between the body and the outside world
columnar epithelia
cells linin ghte intestine, stomach, glands. Secrete mucous and absorb materials
Skeletal muscle
made up of long cells that align to look striped. Attach to bones to allow movement. Can contract quickly and with force
smooth muscle
made up of cells that do not look striated (Striped). found in blood vessels, digestive organs. Contract slowly but can sustain contractions.
cardiac muscle
found only in the heart. appear to be striated unevenly/ Work together all contract at once. Do not get tired
Nervous tissue
consist of neuron crells, which have long projections to recieve and transfer signals. Function to coordinate body actions.
Connective tissue:bone
consists of protein hardened by calcium. Needed for protection support and movement
Connective tissue: fat or adipose tissue
large cells around organs and under skin. Provide energy storage and insulation.
Connective tissue: blood
red blood cells carry oxygen to cells. WHite blood cells attack invaders to protect the body. Platelets release fibrin to clot the blood
Meristematic tissue
unspecialized tissue capable of dividing by mitosis only found in root tips, buds and cambium
epidermal tissue
protective outer coating involved in water entering roots nad gases entering or leaving leaf
ground tissue
provides support for stem, storage of food and water in roots,
site of photosynthesis in leaves
vascular tissue
xylem and phloem are found together in a vascular bundle.
thicker means
secondary growth
comparing Plants vs animals: epidermal and epithelial
both protect, both allow
epidermal allow entry
epithelial absorb
comparing Plants vs animals: ground and connective
both support, both store
comparing Plants vs animals: vascular and muscle
both transport
arteries and veins are in muscle tissue
comparing Plants vs animals: meristimatic and all animal tissue
can divide and grow
3 uses of
cell specialization
regeneration, stem cells, manipulating stem cells
regeneration
if a salamander loses a limb it can regenerate
why cant humans regenrate limbs
before birth all stem cells are set in humans
what is a stem cell
in animals it is a cell that can differentiate into many different cell types, is called a stem cell.
After cell division daughter cells can dvelop into a different type of cell based on which parts of its DNA is switched on.
Embryonicstem cells
can differentiate into any kind of cell
tissue stem cells
adult stem celss exist within specialized tissue and can only differentiate into certain types of cell
E.G stem cells in bone marrow can turn into white blodd cells, red blood cells, or platelets
Manipulating stem celsl
unspecialized stem cells can be taken from an embryo. Problems of moral issues. More recently differentitated adult cells have been turned into unspecialized stem cells
4 values of stem cells
Replace cells damaged by drugs/radiation (bone marrow in cancer treatment)
Replace nerve cells as these do not grow in adults (spinal injuries)
Replace diseased cells (leukemia)
Replace organs (grow a bladder in lab from own cells)
Bone
tree rings, circular pattern,
fat
circles with gaps, big open spaces, bubbles
blood looks like
lots of very tiny, white blood cell purple, tiny discs, larger cells, disposal throughout, more zoomed in then others
skin
wide, flat
trachya
border of something, hairs
skeletal muscle
long thin, stripes
smooth muslce looks like
smooth shading lines
bone
tree rings, circular patterns, tree rings
fat
circles with gaps, big open spaces bubbles
blood
lots of tiny cells, tiny discs, larger cells throughout, more zoomed in, white blood cell purple
skin
wide & flat
trachya
border of something, scilia
skeletal muscle
long flat, striped
smooth muscle
lightly striped
cardiac muscle
dots, lines
11 different organ systems
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integumentary, muscular, skeletal, nervous, endocrine, circulatory, lymphatic (immune), respiratory, digestive, urinary, reproductive
the digestive system
physically and chemically breaks down food, absorbs nutrients into your body and ingests waste
digestive system
order
- mouth, 2. esophagus, 3. liver, 4. stomach, 5. gall bladder, 6. pancreas, 7. large intestine, 8. small intestine, 9. appendix, 10. rectum, 11. anus
the mouth
the teeth and tongue physically break down food. Saliva mosistens food. Enzymes in saliva chemcially break down starch (a carb), called bolus
swallowing
Muscular movements called peristalis move food down the esophagus to the stomach
the stomach
the stomach minces and churns food to further break it down. Hydrochloric acid and enzymes mix with food to chemically digest the nutrients. Mucous prevents the walls of the stomach from being damaged
the small intestine & pancrease
nutrients are broken down chemically by enzymes from the small intestine and pancreas.
what are vili
Nutrients are absorbed by vili.
microscopic projections that increase surface area
the large intestine
water is reabsorbed. vitamin k is produced by bacteria
what does vitamin k do
assists in blood clotting
egestion
waste is stored in the rectum until it is eliminated. It takes 12-72 hours for food to pass through your entire digestive system. the entire digestive tract is about 5-6 meters long
respiration
the respiratory system brings air rich in oxygen into the body and gets rid of air rich in carbon dioxide
Order of the respiration system
naval cavity, pharynx, larynx, trachea, bronchus, bronchi, alveoli.
Opposite backwards
things on the diagram repiratory system
nostril, nasal cavity, mouth, pharynx, laryns, trachea, lung, brochus (larger splits), bronchiole (tiny parts), alveoli (little dots in corner)
Gas inhaled
N2=78%
O2=21%
Ar=~1%
CO2=0.04%
Gas exhaled
N2=78%
O2= 16%
Ar=~1%
Co2=5%
Inhalation
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the diaphragm and intercostal muscles contract.
The chest cavity enlarges.
The pressure in the lungs decreases
Air rushes into the lungs
exhalation
Diana Is Calm, Playing And Relaxing
the diaphragm and intercostal muscles relax.
The chest cavity decreases in size
The pressure in the lungs increases
AIr rushes out of the lungs
Air processing
blood vessels in your nasal cavity and respiratory passages warm the air.
mucus in your nasal cavity and respiratory passages moistens the air and also taps dust and germs
nose hairs increase the surface area of this mucous.
cilia in your respiratory passages sweep mucous out of lungs
gas exchange
in the alveoli oxygen diffuses into blood vessels and carbon dioxide diffuses out of blood vessels
circulation
the circulatory system distributes nutrients and oxygen to all of the body’s cells removes waste from cells and regulates waste from cells and regulates the body’s temperature
Blood
blood is composed of cells and plasma.
liquid part of blood
plasma
red blood cells
carry oxygen form the lungs to the body’s cells, and CO2 from the body’s cells to the lungs
white blood cells
fight infections
platelets
allow the blood to clot when blood vessels are broken
arteries
carry blood away from the heart
veins
carry blood to the heartc
capiliaries a
smallest blood vessels.
Walls are only one cell thick.
Supply oxygen and nutrients to everycell in the body and remove carbon dioxide and waste
3 kinds of blood vessels
arteries, veinsa, capilaries
the heart has
4 chambers
top tube heart
vena cava
next to vena cava at top
aorta
on the left side attached to vena cava
right atrium
right side below aorta
left atrium
below right atrium, on the left
right ventricule
below left atrium on the the right
left ventricle
the right chambers
recieve deoxygenated blood from the body and pump it to the lungsth
the left chambers
recieve oxygenated blood from the lungs and pump it to the body
though it is often shown as blue in diagrams
human blood is never blue
4 types of recent evidence
melting ice, rising sea levels, changes in storm intensity, dying coral reefs
3 historical evidence
fossil records, ice cores, tree rings
vitamin k is produced and assists
by bacteria, assists with blood clottingt
What is xylem
xylem moves water and dissolved minerals up from the roots
what is phloem
phloem moves dissolved sugars (food) down from the leaves
what is cambium
Cambium is meristematic tissue that makes xylem and phlowem
pneumonic for digestive
My excellent little sister gave Paul large, sweet apples, right away!
My-mouth
Excellent = Esophagus
Little = Liver
Sister = Stomach
Gave = Gall Bladder
Paul = Pancreas
Large = Large Intestine
Sweet = Small Intestine
Apples = Appendix
Right = Rectum
Anus = Away
the epiglottis
prevents food from travelling down the trachea when swallowing
liver
Bile from the liver emulsifies fat.
gallbladeer
Bile is stored in the gallbladder.
