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Bio 1 Flashcards

1
Q

Each level has

A

distinct properties

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2
Q

Atoms

A

smallest unit of matter

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3
Q

Molecule

A

group of atom chemically bonded together

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4
Q

E.g Molecul

A

Phosphate

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5
Q

MACROmolecule

A

large molecules made of monomers

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6
Q

monomers

A

repeating chains of molecules

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7
Q

4 types of macromolecules

A

carbs, lipids, proteins, nucleic acids.

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8
Q

e.g macromolecules

A

phospholipids

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9
Q

Organelle

A

specialized part of a cell

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10
Q

e.g organelle

A

plasma membrane

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11
Q

tissue

A

group of similar and specialized cells that perform a specific funcition

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12
Q

e.g. tissue

A

heart muscle tissue

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13
Q

cell

A

simplest unit of life

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14
Q

e.g. cell

A

muscle cell

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15
Q

organ

A

structure made of different tissues working together to complete a complex bodily function

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16
Q

e.g organ

A

heart

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17
Q

organ system

A

2+ organs and structures that work together to complete a major body function

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18
Q

e.g organ system

A

circulatory system

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19
Q

organism

A

distinct living thing, multi or uni cellular

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20
Q

multi cellular

A

plants, animals, fungi,

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21
Q

uni cellular

A

bacteria, protists

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22
Q

Cell wall

A

protects, supports, made of cellulose not in animals

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23
Q

cell membrane

A

protects, controls movement in and out, selectively permeable, in ALL cells, made of phospholibids,

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24
Q

movement of the cell membrane

A

small molecules (CO2, O2, H2O), can diffuse throught the phospholipids. Proteins in the membrane can act as channels for larger molecules

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25
Q

Cytoplasm

A

inside the membrane outside the nucleus, organelles are in the cytoplasm

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26
Q

cytosol

A

jelly-like substance made mostly of water fills cell,

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27
Q

nucleus

A

control center, contains chromosomes (made of DNA)

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28
Q

Nucleolus

A

dense area inside the nucleus where ribosomes are made

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29
Q

Mitochondria

A

tiny sausage shaped, provides energy to the cell, site of aerobic cellular respiration

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30
Q

ATP

A

energy, is used by the other organelles for processes

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31
Q

Equation for cellular respiration

A

sugar +O2=CO2 + H20 +Energy (ATP)

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32
Q

Ribosomes

A

microscopic sphere attaches to the ER or gloating in the cytoplasm. Makes proteins

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33
Q

ER

A

network of canals, transports materials, may have ribosome (rough), may not have ribosomes (smooth)

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34
Q

Golgi apparatus

A

faltttend sacs, produces vesicles (transport sacs). Modifies and exports proteins

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35
Q

Lysosomes

A

saclike made by golgi, contains enzymes that break down large molecules or worm out cell parts

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36
Q

vacuole

A

fluid filled space, water + sugar + starch, helps with water regulation in plants, can store food or help with movement

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37
Q

Centriole

A

small protein structures, cell division

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38
Q

chloroplast

A

in green plants and some protists, convert sunlight to food via photosynthesis, co2 + H20 + sun = sugar +o2

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39
Q

cilia

A

protein fibres, for movement, short, numerous, on cell surface

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40
Q

flagella

A

long, protein fibres, few on cell surface

41
Q

cytoskeleton

A

protein fibres, anchor organelles in place, and give structure to the cell, plants and animals

42
Q

stage

A

supports slide

43
Q

clips

A

hold slide in place

44
Q

diaphram

A

regulates amount of light reaching object

45
Q

objective lenses

A

magnifies object, low=4x, med = 10x, high = 40x

46
Q

revolving nosepiece

A

rotates allows objective les to change

47
Q

body tube

A

contains ocular lens, supports objective lens

48
Q

ocular lens

A

eye piece, magnifies (10x), look through

49
Q

coarse adjustment knob

A

stage (up or down), low or medium only, bring into focus

50
Q

fine adjustment knob

A

after specimen has been located and focused, used to make sharper

51
Q

DNA is in the

52
Q

DNA form

A

double stranded helix

53
Q

DNA is polynucleotide. What is polynucleotide

A

chain of nucleotides

54
Q

each nuclotide has

A

nitrogen base (adenine, thymine, guanine, and cytosine), sugar (deoxyribose), a pohsphate group

55
Q

adenine always bonds with

56
Q

cytosine always bonds with

57
Q

James Watson + Francis crick do what

A

discover DNA sturcture in 1953, and win the Nobel with maurice Wilkins in ‘62

58
Q

Rosalind franklin

A

her work in x-ray crystolagraphy was important in revealing DNA structure

59
Q

DNA structure allow it to

A

be easily replicated

60
Q

DNA un

A

zips and each side is a templat

61
Q

on each half

A

a comlementary half is built

62
Q

the 2 new DNA molecules are

63
Q

DNA replication allows cells to

A

pass on hereditary information

64
Q

cells devide to

65
Q

before division DNA is in ___ form

66
Q

Chromatin condenses into

A

chromosomes so a cell can easily divide its gentic information

67
Q

HUMAN body cells have

A

46 chromosnes

68
Q

Trisomy 21

A

down syndrome when a fertilized egg has 3 copies of chromosnes 21

69
Q

segment of dna is called

70
Q

each chromosome has

A

many genese

71
Q

genses determine

A

characteristics of an organism

72
Q

higher the number of genes in an organism the

A

higher the chance of gentic diversity

73
Q

how many genes do humans have

74
Q

alteration in the DNA sequence

75
Q

mutation can be caused by

A

chemicals: cigarette smoke
radiation: uv rays, xrays
natural: viruses

76
Q

mutations can also occurs

A

during DNA replication

77
Q

most mutations are

A

inconsequential, but some are beneficial

78
Q

one harmful mutation is

A

sickle cell anemia

79
Q

why do cells divide

A

cells wear out andmust be replaced, organisms grow and need more cells

80
Q

cells have different life

81
Q

give examples of cell life spans

A

stomach lining-days
platelets + skin-weeks
red blood + macrophages-months
pancreas + bones-years

82
Q

cell cycle

A

process of a cell growing and preparing for cell division

83
Q

G1 (growth phase 1)

A

cell grows larger, organelles duplicate

84
Q

S (synthesis)

A

Dna is replicated

85
Q

G2 (growth phase 2)

A

dna is checked for errors, cell is prepared for division

86
Q

M phase (mitosis)

A

process’s separates DNA, packaged in chromosomes into 2 identical cells

87
Q

chromatin

A

mix of DNA, proteins in an interphase nucleus

88
Q

chomosones

A

condensed chromatin

89
Q

chromatid

A

one side of a double stranded chromosone

90
Q

centromere

A

structure that holds 2 sister chromatids together

91
Q

single stranded chromosnes

A

chromatid after it has been separated from its sister chromatid

92
Q

EASY TO REMEMBER PMAT

A

prophase=prepare
metaphase=middle
anaphase=separate, apart
telophase=finish, the end

93
Q

Prophase

A
  1. chromonsones condense and become visible
  2. nuclear membrane breaks down
  3. spindle fibers come from the 2 centiroles
  4. centrioles separate and move to each pole
94
Q

Metaphase

A

centrioles are at the poles
spindle fibers pull centromere into a lin
double stranded chromosnes align at the equator

95
Q

anaphase

A

spindle fibers contract + pull the centromeres to the poles

chromatids of the 2 sided chromosnes are now seperated

single stranded chromosnes are pulled to opposite sides

96
Q

telophase

A

nuclear membrane reforms

single stranded chromosnes uncoil

cytokenesis

97
Q

cytokenesis

A

cell membrane pinches in ward, the result is the seperation of the cytoplasm into 2 roughly equal parts

98
Q

Interphase

A

chromatin is uncoiled

nuclear membrane is fully intact

two almost identical cells have been produced

cell begins g1, s, g2

99
Q

what if a cell does not stop dividing

Grade 10 (6 decks)

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