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optics Flashcards

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1
Q

electromagnetic waves

A

waves that do not need a medium to travel in

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2
Q

how are electromagnetic waves created

A

by an oscillating electric and magnetic fields

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3
Q

what are all forms of electromagnetic waves characterized by

A

their range of frequencies and wavelengths

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4
Q

when light changes mediums, what else changes?

A

its speed and direction

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5
Q

refraction

A

the idea that the more the difference in speed, the greater the light bends when it changes mediums

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6
Q

illuminance

A

the intensity of light falling onto a surface. measured in lux

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7
Q

illuminance equation

A

E=θv / 4 πr^2 (θv is the luminous flux which is given en in lumens)

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8
Q

polarized light

A

light where the EM wave only vibrates in one direction. Light will be polarized in the direction of the electric field

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9
Q

what happens when unpolarized light passes through a polarizer?

A

the final intensity of the light will be one half of the initial intensity of the light wave

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10
Q

what direction is a beam of light polarized in?

A

the direction of the polarizers transmission axis

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11
Q

law of malus

A

If =Iicos^2θ
l= intensity

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12
Q

reflection

A

when a wave hits a surface or a boundary and bounces off in a different direction

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13
Q

when will waves be reflected

A

anytime they encounter a boundary between two mediums

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14
Q

wave front

A

the surface over which the phase of a wave is constant. given that all particles of the medium are undergoing the same motion

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15
Q

sperical wave front

A

where waves move outward in three dimensions with rays that point radically outward

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16
Q

plane wave front

A

where the waves move outward in one direction with the rays pointing in that same direction

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17
Q

what angle will rays be at to wave fronts

A

right angles

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18
Q

normal line

A

the line that is perpendicular to the surface is placed so that its located where the ray that enters the mirror travels

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19
Q

incident ray

A

the ray that hits the mirror then is reflected by the mirror at the location of the normal line

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20
Q

angle of incidence

A

the angle between the incident ray and the normal

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21
Q

angle of reflection

A

the angle between the mirror and the reflected ray

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22
Q

law of reflection

A

when light is reflected off a surface the angle of incidence equals the angle of reflection

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23
Q

specular reflection

A

when a beam of light is reflected from a smooth surface

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24
Q

diffuse reflection

A

when a beam of light is reflected off a rough surface

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25
Q

plane mirror

A

a perfectly flat mirror

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26
Q

what do plane mirrors create

A

virtual image, same size as the object, the image will be upright, but reversed right to left.

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27
Q

concave mirror

A

a mirror thats curved in

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28
Q

convex mirror

A

a mirror that is flexed out, bulges outwards like the surface of a ball

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29
Q

center of curvature of a spherical mirror

A

center of the spherical shell with a radius of R of which the curved mirror is a section of

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30
Q

principle axis

A

a straight line drawn through the center of curvature and the midpoint of the mirror. the center of curvature lies on this line and it intersects the mirror at right angles

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31
Q

where will the rays converge on a concave mirror?

A

infront of the mirror

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32
Q

focal point

A

where the rays of a mirror reflect and converge

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33
Q

focal length

A

distance between the surface of the mirror to the focal point

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34
Q

the equation for focal length of a CONCAVE mirror

A

f= 1/2 R

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35
Q

where will rays of light that are parallel to the principle axis always reflect on a concave mirror

A

through the focal point

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36
Q

which way do rays spread on a convex mirror

A

outwards

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37
Q

does light pass through the focal point on a convex mirror?

A

no

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38
Q

incoming rays of light that are parallel to the principal axis of a convex mirror are…

A

spread out

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39
Q

equation for focal length on a CONVEX mirror

A

f= - 1/2R

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40
Q

the focal length of a mirror will be positive if…

A

the focal point is in front of the mirror

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41
Q

CONCAVE mirror always have a ___ focal length

A

positive

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42
Q

the focal length will always be negative if

A

the focal point is behind the mirror

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43
Q

CONVEX mirrors will always have a ___ focal length

A

negative

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44
Q

mirror equation

A

1/do + 1/di = 1/f

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45
Q

when will the image distance be positive

A

if its infront of a mirror

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46
Q

when will the image distance be negative

A

if the image is behind the mirror

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47
Q

what does a positive image distance tell you

A

its a real image

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48
Q

what does a negative image distance tell you

A

its a virutal image

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49
Q

magnification equation

A

m= hi/ho = -di/do

50
Q

if the magnification is positive the image is…

A

upright

51
Q

if the magnification is negative the image is…

A

inverted

52
Q

if the magnification is less than 1 the image is

A

reduced

53
Q

if the magnification is greater than 1 the image is

A

magnified

54
Q

the speed of light through any material is ___ than its speed in a vacuum

A

slower

55
Q

snells law

A

relates the indices of refraction of the two mediums
to the directions of propagation in terms of the angles to the normal line.

56
Q

snells law equation:

A

n1sinθ1=n2sinθ2 —–> θ1 is known as the angle of incidence, while θ2 is known as the angle of refraction

57
Q

light will be bent towards the normal when…

A

it slows down because it has entered a material with a higher index of refraction

58
Q

light will be bent away from the normal when…

A

it speeds up because it has entered a material with a lower index of refraction.

59
Q

the greater the change in the index of refraction…

A

the greater the change in the direction of the light.

60
Q

If a ray of light goes from one material to another along the normal

A

it does not change direction

61
Q

Total Internal Reflection

A

the reflection of the total amount of incident light at the boundary between two media

62
Q

when does total internal reflection happen

A

when a ray of light in a medium of higher index of refraction approaches the other medium that has a lower index of refraction, at an angle of incidence greater than the critical angle

63
Q

As the angle the angle of incidence for the ray of light increases inside of a denser medium….

A

the angle of refraction also
increases outside of the medium.

64
Q

When the angle of incidence is such at the angle of refraction is 90o, then the refracted beam will be …

A

parallel to the surface of the thicker medium

65
Q

in total internal reflection the angle of incidence is known as the

A

critical angle

66
Q

when does total internal reflection happen (angle wise)

A

when the angle of incidence is larger than the critical angle

67
Q

critical angle equation

A

θc=sin−1(n2/n1)

68
Q

A material has a higher index of
refraction for light towards…

A

the blue end of the visible spectrum

69
Q

dispersion

A

the spreading out of refracted light according to color

70
Q

converging lenses

A

lenses that are thicker in the middle than the outer edge

71
Q

Converging lenses take parallel rays of light and…

A

bring them together at a position known as the focal point

72
Q

diverging lenses

A

lenses that are thinner in the middle than the outer edge

73
Q

Diverging lenses take parallel rays of light and…

A

spread them out as if they’re diverging from the focal point

74
Q

double convex lens

A

a lens that bulges out in the middle. It is a converging lens where all the parallel rays that are incident on it focus down to a focal point.

75
Q

double concave lens

A

lens is one that curves inward like a cave. a diverging lens where all the parallel rays that are incident on it are bent away from the axis of the lens in such a way they can be extended back to appear as if originating from a focal point

76
Q

optical power

A

the reciprocal of the focal length. measured in diopter (D)

77
Q

midpoint ray

A

travels directly through the center of a lens without changing direction. The midpoint ray holds for both converging and diverging lenses

78
Q

parallel ray

A

travels parallel to the primary axis.
- When it passes through a convex lens it will pass through the focal point of the lens on the other side

79
Q

focal point ray

A

For a convex lens the ray will travel through the focal point of
the lens and emerge parallel to the primary axis on the other side.
For a concave lens the ray will enter the lens in such a way that
the incident ray can be extended through the focal point on the other side. The refracted ray will be refracted so that it travels parallel to the primary axis.

80
Q

thin lens equation

A

1/do + 1/di = 1/f

81
Q

the focal length will be ___ for convex/converging lenses

A

positive

82
Q

the focal length will be ___ for concave/diverging lenses

A

negative

83
Q

the image distance will the ___ for images on the opposite side of the lens from the object

A

positive = real image

84
Q

the image distance will be ____ for images on the same side of the lens as the object

A

negative = virtual image

85
Q

the magnification will be ___ for upright images for lenses

A

positive

86
Q

the magnification will be ___ for inverted images for lenses

A

negative

87
Q

interference

A

caused by the superposition of waves. where the displacement of two or more waves is the sum of the displacements of the individual waves.

88
Q

constructive interference in light waves results in

A

increase in brightness

89
Q

destructive interference in light waves results in

A

decrease in brightness

90
Q

coherent light sources maintain…

A

a constant phase relative to one another which means all the waves look the same

91
Q

incoherent light sources have…

A

differences that vary randomly with time. you cant see the light interference clearly with an incoherent light source

92
Q

monochromatic light

A

a light of a single color or frequency

93
Q

laser

A

a device that emits light that is both monochromatic and coherent

94
Q

if a wave is in phase of a full wavelength out of phase what occurs

A

constructive interference

95
Q

if a wave is half a wavelength out of phase what occurs

A

destructive interference

96
Q

path length in wave equation for constructive interference

A

L1 − L2 = m λ where m = 0, 1, 2, 3, …

97
Q

path length in wave equation for destructive interference

A

L1 − L2 = (m + 1/2 )λ where m = 0, 1, 2, 3…

98
Q

Two slit experiment/ youngs double slit experiment

A

First preformed in 1801 by Thomas Young, his experiment consisted of a monochromatic coherent light that illuminates two slits which then shines on a distant screen

99
Q

what resulted from youngs double slit experiment

A

an interference pattern as you
can clearly see constructive and destructive interference occurring with bright and dark spots occurring

100
Q

Huygen’s Principle

A

states that every point on a wave front acts like a point source for new waves

101
Q

A bright fringe will occur wherever…

A

the path length difference is equal to an integer number of wavelengths.

102
Q

the distance between slits equation for bright fringes

A

In equation form: d sin θ = m λ where m = 0, 1,
2, 3…

103
Q

the distance between slits equation for dark fringes

A

d sin θ = (m + 1/2 )λ where m = 0, 1, 2, 3, 4…

104
Q

location of the interference fringes equation

A

y=Ltanθ

105
Q

diffraction

A

The bending of a wave around a barrier or through an opening

106
Q

what happens to light when is passes through a single slit

A

it diffracts

107
Q

diffraction pattern

A

the interference of these new waves with one another that generates a series of bright and dark fringes

108
Q

width between slits for dark fringes equation

A

Wsinθ =mλ where m=±1,±2,±3….

109
Q

small angle approximation

A

sinθ ≈ tanθ ≈ θrad (only true for angles less than 15 degrees)

110
Q

SAA 2nd equation

A

Wy/L = m λ

111
Q

If we have a circular opening of diameter D, we can see it will produce a dark fringe an an angle given by

A

sinθ=1.22λ/D

112
Q

diffraction grating

A

a screen with large number of slits. multiple slits diffract light like a prism

113
Q

principal maxima

A

a series of very sharp widely spaced bright fringes on an interference pattern

114
Q

secondary maxima

A

a series of relatively dark regions that are weaker on an interference pattern

115
Q

what does the angle at which a principal maxima occurs at depend on

A

the wavelength of the light

116
Q

distance between slit equation for constructive interference

A

d sin θ = m λ where m = 0, 1, 2, 3, 4…

117
Q

A grating with a smaller spacing between slits will spread light out over a…

A

wider range of angles than one with a larger spacing between slits

118
Q

Diffraction gratings work for both…

A

the transmission of light and the reflection of light.

119
Q

a convex mirror will create an image that is…

A

upright, reduced, virtual

120
Q

a concave mirror will create an image that is what when the object distance is greater than the focal length

A

inverted, enlarged, real

121
Q

a concave mirror will create an image that is what when the object distance is less than the focal length

A

virtual and upright

physics (7 decks)

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