Opthamology and ENT

Question 1

List three acquired causes of deafness in children

Answer 1

prenatal- CMV, rubella
perinatal- hypoxia, jaundice
postnatal- head injury, jaundice

Question 2

List one congenital cause of deafness?

Answer 2

1/3 syndroms

2/3 autosomal recessive mutation

Question 3

What mutation is found in AR causes of deafness?

Answer 3

26 gap junction protein gene

Question 4

List two causes of transient conductive deafness

Answer 4

otitis media with effusion

middle ear effusion

Question 5

What is another name for otitis media with effusion?

Answer 5

glue ear

Question 6

What are grommets?

Answer 6

small ventilation tubes that are inserted into the
tympanic membrane and are very effective in getting rid of the fluid and
improving the hearing back to normal.

Question 7

What is the management of middle ear effsion?

Answer 7

watch and wait
grommets
adenoids removal

Question 8

What is a key question to ask in the history with ENT complaint

Answer 8

sleep quality- obstructive sleep apnoea concern

Question 9

What is the most common cause of acute stridor in children?

Answer 9

croup

Question 10

What is the investigation for chronic stridor?

Answer 10

airway endoscopy

Question 11

What is a common cause of chronic stridor?

Answer 11

laryngomalacia

Question 12

Define amblyopia

Answer 12

poor vision in a structurally normal eye

Question 13

Causes of ambylopia?

Answer 13

o Reduced view through eye, e.g. ptosis or cataract
o Unequal focus, e.g. one eye is more long or short sighted =
anisometropia
o Misalignment of eyes, e.g. squint

Question 14

Treatment for ambylopia?

Answer 14

An occluding patch or atropine eye drops are used to treat of amblyopia and improve
vision. The better eye is occluded, forcing the poorer eye to be used to see

Question 15

Two differentials for leukocoria?

Answer 15

= white pupil
congenital cataract
retinoblastoma
retinal detachment
uveitis

Question 16

Anterior uveitis is a sign of which childhood disease?

Answer 16

juvenile idiopathic arthritis

Question 17

Dislocated lens is a sign of which syndrome?

Answer 17

marfan’s

Question 18

Lisch nodules are seen in which disease?

Answer 18

NF1

Question 19

What is the pathophysiology of retinopathy of prematurity?

Answer 19

peripheral retina is not vascularised at birth- growth of new veseels and scarring

Question 20

Two risk factors for retinopathy of prematurity?

Answer 20

low birth weight
premature <36 weeks
100% oxygen

Question 21

List three triggers for allergic conjunctivitis

Answer 21

seasonal-grass tree pollen
dust mite
animal dander

Question 22

What is opthalmia neonatorium?

Answer 22

conjuncitivits within first month of life, organism acquired from birth canal

Question 23

Name two organisms associated with opthalmia neonatorum?

Answer 23

gonococcal
chlamydia
HSV

Question 24

Two complications of opthalmia neonatorum?

Answer 24

meningitis
cerebral abscess
periorbital abscess

Question 25

How to tell the difference between preseptal cellulitis and orbital cellulitis?

Answer 25

ocular motility pain and restricted, visual acuity and colour vision reduced in orbital cellulitis

Question 26

A 15 year old girl of Arabic origin presents with a right sided, painless, non-tender thyroid swelling, lasting four months. She has a family history of hypothyroidism. Examination reveals enlarged cervical lymph nodes on the ipsilateral side. Her TSH is 2.8mU/l. Thyroid ultrasound reveals a 3.2cm well circumscribed lesion. What is the most likely diagnosis?

Answer 26

papillary carcinoma