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Y3 CORE CONDITIONS > OPTHALMOLOGY > Flashcards

OPTHALMOLOGY Flashcards

1
Q

from what part of the eye does the vitreous membrane detach from in posterior vitreous detachment?

A

retina

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2
Q

what gender is more likely to develop posterior vitreous detachment?

A

females

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3
Q

what biological process causes the vitreous humour to naturally shrink and peel?

A

ageing

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4
Q

what is photospia? (it is a symptom of posterior vitreous detachment)

A

flashes of light

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5
Q

what visual abnormalities are present in greater number in posterior vitreous detachment?

A

floaters

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6
Q

what is the main complication of posterior vitreous detachment?

A

retinal detachment/tears

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7
Q

what is treatment for posterior vitreous detachment?

A

watch and wait

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8
Q

what is a vitreous haemorrhage?

A

leakage of blood into spaces around vitreous body

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9
Q

give 3 traumatic causes of vitreous haemorrhage

A

retinal tears
blood vessel tears around retina
SAH

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10
Q

give 3 pathological causes of vitreous haemorrhage

A

choroidal melanoma
age related macular degeneration
neovascularisation of retina
retinal ischaemia

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11
Q

what procedure is used to treat vitreous haemorrhage?

A

vitrectomy

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12
Q

what causes inflammation of the optic nerve in optic neuritis?

A

demyelination

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13
Q

what ophthalmological condition is associated with MS and neuromyelitis optica?

A

optic neuritis

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14
Q

where would you expect pain in optic neuritis?

A

retro-ocular/retro-orbital pain

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15
Q

what type of illness often precedes optic neuritis?

A

viral

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16
Q

what 2 visual impairments might you expect with optic neuritis?

A

rapid impairment

dyschromatopsia (loss of colour vision)

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17
Q

what medical imaging might you use to diagnose optic neuritis?

A

MRI

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18
Q

what drug type might you give to treat optic neuritis and why?

A

corticosteroids

anti-inflammatory

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19
Q

in retinal detachment, where does the retina detach from?

A

pigment epithelium

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20
Q

give a traumatic cause of retinal detachment

A

fluid leakage (vitreous detachment, injury etc)

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21
Q

give 2 retinal abnormalities that might cause detachment

A

traction

exudative

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22
Q

give an iatrogenic cause of retinal detachment

A

cataract surgery complication

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23
Q

what two symptoms does retinal detachment share with posterior vitreous detachment?

A

photospia

new floaters

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24
Q

how is the loss of vision characteristic of retinal detachment described?

A

‘curtains’ - outer to central visual loss

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25
Q

what diagnostic technique might you use to visualise the eye in a patient with suspected retinal detachment?

A

opthalmoscopy

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26
Q

name 2 procedures that you might use to treat retinal detachment?

A

vitrectomy
seal retinal breaks
relieve vitreoretinal traction

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27
Q

what 3 things does prognosis of retinal detachment depend on?

A

duration of detachment
is macula detached too?
underlying vascular health

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28
Q

what are the two main types of vascular occlusion that can happen in the eye?

A

retinal artery

retinal vein

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29
Q

give 5 causes of vascular occlusions

A 
atherosclerosis
thrombi
glaucoma
macular oedema
diabetes
hypertension
smoking
hypercholesterolaemia
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30
Q

what is ranibuzimab and why might you give it in the case of vascular occlusions?

A

inhibits vascular endothelial growth factor

reduces swelling & neovascularisation in vascular occlusions

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31
Q

what other drug type might you give for vascular occlusions?

A

steroids - swelling

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32
Q

give 3 complications of vascular occlusions

A

macular oedema
neovascularisation
neovascular glaucoma
retinal detachment

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33
Q

age related macular degeneration is a __a)__, __b)__ disorder

a) regenerative, degenerative
b) reversible, irreversible

A

a) degenerative

b) irreversible

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34
Q

what is the leading cause of blindness in developed countries?

A

age related macular degeneration

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35
Q

what causes dry ARMD?

A

accumulation of pigment epithelial waste - drusen

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36
Q

what causes wet ARMD?

A

accumulation of fluid after neovascularisation of pigment epithelium

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37
Q

what happens to pigment epithelium in dry ARMD?

A

atrophy

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38
Q

what happens to pigment epithelium in wet ARMD?

A

haemorrhage, scarring, swelling

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39
Q

what is the difference in progression between wet and dry ARMD?

A 
dry = slow
wet = fast
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40
Q

give 4 risk factors for ARMD

A 
age
smoking
alcohol
poor diet
sun exposure
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41
Q

what part of the vision tends to be disorder in ARMD?

A

central (scotoma)

42
Q

name 2 visual actions that are restricted in ARMD

A

fine print reading
facial recognition
close vision

43
Q

what is ambler grid testing and what would it show in ARMD?

A

grid - tests distortion

ARMD lines would be wavy

44
Q

why is ranuzimab given in wet ARMD?

A

stop further angiogenesis

45
Q

what ophthalmological condition is described as opacification of the lens?

A

cataract

46
Q

give 4 causes of cataracts

A 
age
trauma
post-inflammatory
diabetes
congenital
47
Q

are cataracts fast or gradual onset?

A

gradual

48
Q

what is the most common cause of blindness worldwide?

A

cataracts

49
Q

what ophthalmological condition is characterised by monocular diplopia with glares and haloes?

A

cataracts

50
Q

how would the red reflex differ from a normal eye in cataracts?

A

reduced

51
Q

how do you treat cataracts?

A

surgery - lens implant

52
Q

what eye pathology is glaucoma linked to?

A

raised intra-ocular pressure

53
Q

what part of vision in lost in glaucoma?

A

peripheral

54
Q

what is the second greatest cause of visual loss worldwide?

A

glaucoma

55
Q

is glaucoma familial or does it have no inheritance pattern?

A

familial

56
Q

at what point in the progression of glaucoma does visual acuity start to be affected?

A

end stage

57
Q

name 3 optic disc changes that you might observe in glaucoma

A

cupping
palor
splinter haemorrhages

58
Q

RAPD is a clinical sign of glaucoma - what is it?

A

relative afferent pupillary defect

pupils will constrict less when a light is shone in the affected eye compared to a healthy eye

59
Q

what simple test might you recommend for a patient with suspected glaucoma?

A

visual fields

60
Q

what drug might you give to slow progression of glaucoma?

A

ocular hypotensive agent

61
Q

why might you give prostaglandins to treat glaucoma? give an example of a drug

A

latanoprost

improve uveoscleral outflow

62
Q

why might you give beta blockers to treat glaucoma?

A

reduce production of aqueous fluids

63
Q

name 2 other types of drug that you might give to reduce aqueous production of fluids in glaucoma

A

alpha agonists

carbonic anhydrase inhibitors

64
Q

what is myopia?

A

short sightedness

65
Q

where does the light focus in myopia?

A

just in front of retina

66
Q

would distant or close objects be out of focus in myopia?

A

distant

67
Q

place the following words in the sentence
in myopia, the retina is ____, with lattice ____ and choroidal ________
thin/thick
degeneration/hypertrophy
atherosclerosis/neovascularisation

A

thin retina
lattice degeneration
choroidal neovascularisation

68
Q

what shape lens would you use to correct myopia?

A

concave

69
Q

what is hypermetropia?

A

long sightedness

70
Q

what eyeball/lens abnormalities cause hypermetropia?

A

eyeball too short

lens not round enough

71
Q

where does the light focus in hypermetropia?

A

behind retina

72
Q

what shape are corrective lenses for hypermetropia?

A

convex

73
Q

what type of condition is retinitis pigmentosa? does it have an inheritance pattern?

A

degenerative

is inherited

74
Q

what 2 types of cells are broken down in retinitis pigmentosa?

A

rod cells first

then cone cells

75
Q 
fill in the blanks:
retinitis pigmentosa results in reduced \_\_\_ vision, loss of \_\_\_\_ vision and loss of \_\_\_\_ vision, leading to \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ vision and \_\_\_\_\_phobia
photo
colour
ultraviolet
long-distance
peripheral
latticework
night
A 
reduced night vision
loss of colour vision
loss of peripheral vision
leading to latticework vision
photophobia
76
Q

what does syndromic retinitis pigmentosa mean?

A

occurs with other neurosensory disorders

77
Q

what is treatment for retinitis pigmentosa?

A

no cure

78
Q

does optic nerve compression lead to permanent or temporary visual loss?

A

permanent

79
Q

what would visual loss in optic nerve compression look like if the damage was anterior/distal to the optic chasm?

A

monocular

80
Q

what visual loss might you expect if the optic chiasm was damaged?

A

bitemporal heteronymous hemianopia

81
Q

what visual loss might you expect if the optic tract was damaged?

A

homonymous hemianopia

82
Q

what can cause damage to the optic chiasm?

A

pituitary tumour

83
Q

give a vascular cause for optic nerve compression

A

aneurysm

84
Q

chronic use of what drug group can cause cataracts?

A

steroids

85
Q

what antibiotic group can increase the risk of retinal detachment?

A

fluoroquinolones

86
Q

what drug can cause the tears to appear orange/red?

A

rifampin

87
Q

give 2 examples of medical emergencies that cause headaches

A

papilloedema

GCA

88
Q

what is aniscoria?

A

difference in pupil sizes

89
Q

hornet’s syndrome arises from a defect in what nervous system?

A

sympathetic

90
Q

describe the pathway of the sympathetic chain from the chest into the eyes

A

lung apex
carotids
cavernous sinuses
into eye

91
Q

what are the 3 main features of horner’s?

A

mitosis
ptosis
anhydrosis

92
Q

acute horner’s presents with pain in the jaw or neck. what pathological abnormality is this assumed to be until proven otherwise?

A

carotid dissection

93
Q

how is acute horner’s treated?

A

anticoagulation

94
Q

what is the main cause of a third nerve palsy with pupillary involvement?

A

intracranial aneurysm

95
Q

what is the pain cause of vascular third nerve palsy where the pupil is spared?

A

diabetes

96
Q

where does the eye rest in third nerve palsy? why?

A

down and out

only LR and SO muscles working

97
Q

what occurs to the eyelid in third nerve palsy? why?

A

ptosis

levator palpabrae superiors is paralysed

98
Q

what occurs to the pupil in third nerve palsy? why

A

dilates

sphincter pupillae paralysed

99
Q

what movement will the patient use to compensate in bilateral fourth nerve palsy?

A

chin depression

100
Q

what movement will the patient use to compensate in unilateral fourth nerve palsy?

A

face tilt to contralateral side

101
Q

where does the eye deviate in 6th nerve palsy?

A

inwards

Y3 CORE CONDITIONS (15 decks)

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