Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

General Practice > Opthalmology > Flashcards

Opthalmology Flashcards

1
Q

Strabismus

A

Children don’t grow out of squints

Intraocular pathology must be excluded

Amblyopic requires early treatment

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Irritable eyes DDx

A

Dry eyes - use tear supplements

Blepharitis - check lid hygiene, remove crusting

Chronic allergy - avoid steroids

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Unilateral red eye DDx

A

Foreign body

Trauma

Corneal ulcer

Iritis

Acute glaucoma

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Eyelid ulcer

A

May be BCC

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Conjunctivitis

A

Almost always bilateral

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Corneal abrasion

Treatment

A

Antibiotic ointment

Review daily

Should heal in 24hrs

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Herpes simplex

A

May be painless

History of recurrence and scarring Involvement of the tip of the nose = involvement of the eye

Use antivirals only - never use steroids

Refer to ophthal

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Warning symptoms of retinal detachment

A

Floaters

Flashes

Field defects

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Steroid

Complications

A

Corneal perforation with herpes simplex

Open angle glaucoma

Cataract formation

Fungal infection

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Foreign Body removal

A

Don’t remove foreign bodies that are deep central corneal, intra-ocular or intra-orbital - Refer

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Sudden loss of vision

DDx

A

Elderly - temporal arteritis

Optic nerve ischaemia - afferent pupil defect, start high-dose oral steroids

Retinal artery or vein occlusion

Macular haemorrhage

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Papilloedema

Signs/symptoms

A

Blurred optic disc margins

Good vision

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Optic neuritis

Signs/symptoms

A

Blurred optic disc margins

Reduced vision

Afferent pupil defect

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Transient blindness

DDx

A

Carotid artery disease

Migraine aura

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Afferent pupil defect

A

Retinal artery occlusion

Optic nerve lesion

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Chronic open-angle glaucoma

A

No early signs or symptoms - requires routine screening in adults >40

Familial

Elevated IOP causes optic disc cupping and visual field loss

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Acute angle closure glaucoma

A

Rare in those <60 Symptoms - pain, haloes, blurred vision

Signs - shallow anterior chamber, redeye, fixed mid-dilated oval pupil

Treatment - pilocarpine drops, then YAG laser

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Admission to hospital

A

Hypaema

Hypopyon

Penetrative eye injuries

Severe chemical burns

Acute glaucoma

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Tear drop sign

A

Penetrating eye injury

Due to distortion of the pupil due to a perforated cornea

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Entropion

A

The whole eyelid is inverted

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Trichiasis

A

One or two aberrant eyelashes are turned in

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

Viral conjunctivitis

A

Unilateral redness and watering in one eye spreading to the other eye

History of viral illness or contact with red eye

Commonest cause - adenovirus

No loss of vision

Preauricular lymphadenopathy

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

Viral conjunctivitis Treatment

A

Self-limiting

Cold compress and tear supplements

Resolves in 2-3 weeks

Contagious for first 2 weeks

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

Bacterial conjunctivitis

A

Purulent discharge

Eyelashes firmly stuck together in the morning

Blurring of vision clears with blinking

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

Bacterial conjunctivitis

Treatment

A

Topic chloramphenicol or fucidic acid drops

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

Allergic conjunctivitis

A

Often associated with nasal symptoms

Acute but transient bouts of sneezing, itching eyes and redness

Seasonal or perennial

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

Allergic conjunctivitis

Treatment

A

Topical mast cell stabilisers e.g. olopatadine drops

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

Blepharitis

A

Inflammation of the eyelid margin

Common

Usually symmetrical and bilateral

Main symptom is burning and grittiness

No discharge

Chronic condition

Associated with seborrhoeic dermatitis and rosacea

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

Blepharitis

Management

A

Lid hygiene - hot compress, washing away crusting

Topical lubricants

Oral tetracycline for 2-3 months in severe cases

30
Q

Subconjunctival Haemorrhage

A

Spontaneous

Painless

Normal vision

May be associated with HTN or heavy bouts of coughing or straining

31
Q

Suconjunctival haemorrhage

Treatment

A

Self limiting within 2-3 weeks

32
Q

Pterygium

A

Benign fibrovascular growth from the conjunctiva

Usually medial and can extend onto the cornea

Increased sun exposure is a risk factor

Leave alone unless encroaching onto the visual pathway

33
Q

Corneal abrasion

Management

A

Chloramphenicol eye ointment

Review daily until healed

Oral analgesia - DO NOT USE TOPICAL ANAESTHETICS FOR PAIN RELIEF

34
Q

Arc eye (Welder’s flash)

A

Photokeratitis - sunburn of the cornea

Pain like “sand poured into eye”

Photophobia

Tears ++

Constricted pupil

35
Q

Corneal ulcer

A

Bulbar conjunctiva would be involved but not eh palpebral conjunctiva

Contact lenses - bacterial keratitis leading to corneal ulceration.

Always stain the cornea with fluorescein and stop contact lens use until eye condition has fully resolved

Treated with intensive topical antibiotics

36
Q

Herpes simplex

A

Dendritic ulcer of the cornea

Recurrent infection is common

Frequently have history of oral infections with the virus

Always stain the eye with fluorescein

Treated with topical antivirals by ophthalmologist - DO NOT PRESCRIBE STEROID DROPS

37
Q

Iritis

A

Painful eye with mild photophobia

Unilateral red eye with circumciliary injection (limbal flush)

Possibly reduced visual acuity

Half of cases are idiopathic (?autoimmune) - 50% of patients are HLA-B27 positive Investigate recurrent episodes

Iris can adhere to the anterior surface of the lens giving an irregular shaped pupil

Keratic precipitates seen on slit lamp

38
Q

Iritis

Treatment

A

Topical steroid drops

Topical cyclopentolate drops to dilate pupil and break down posterior synechiae, also helps relieve the pain

39
Q

Episcleritis

A

Affect young adults

Moderate ache

Milder symptoms than those experienced by patients with iritis

Conjunctival inflammation is usually localised to one sector

40
Q

Episcleritis

Treatment

A

Benign, self-limiting

Resolves in 2 weeks

41
Q

Herpes zoster ophthalmicus (HZO)

A

Ophthalmic division of trigeminal nerve

Can cause uveitis, keratitis, conjunctivitis

Hutchinson’s sign - if zoster involves the tip of the nose it is likely that the infection will involve the eye

42
Q

HZO

Treatment

A

Oral and topical antivirals

43
Q

Acute angle closure glaucoma

A

MEDICAL EMERGENCY

Acute onset of pain due to high IOP

Redness

Mid-dilated, fixed pupil

Visual loss

Slightly cloudy cornea

Abdominal pain and vomiting

44
Q

Acute angle closure glaucoma

Risk factors

A

Age >40-50

F>M

FHx

PHx in the other eye

Hypermetropia or long-sightedness

45
Q

Acute angle closure glaucoma

Mechanism

A

Shallow anterior chamber

Thickening of lens with age

Pupil dilatation

46
Q

Acute angle closure glaucoma

Treatment

A

IV acetazolamide - reduce aqueous secretion

Pilocarpine drops - pupillary constriction

Surgical or laser iridotomy

47
Q

Sty

A

Common

Small abscess forms at the base of an eyelash

Usually due to Staph. Aureus

No treatment - hot compress, pull out eyelash on that spot

48
Q

Preseptal Cellulitis

A

Infection of subcutaneous tissues

Unilateral

Tender to touch

Normal vision and no pain on eye movements

Often seen on insect bites

Treat with oral antibiotics

49
Q

Orbital Cellulitis

A

Superficial tissues around the eye and the deeper orbital contents

Painful and restricted eye movements

Proptosis

Abnormal vision

Systemically unwell

Sinusitis most likely cause

Potentially fatal as infection can track into the cranial cavity

50
Q

Hyphaema

A

Due to injury

Needs urgent referral

51
Q

Amblyopia

A

Decrease in vision with no structural pathology

Caused by a failure of visual pathway maturation during childhood

Causes include stimulus deprivation, uncorrected refractive error, uncorrected strabismus

52
Q

Strabismus

A

Squint aka crossed eyes

Look for symmetry of the corneal light reflex

53
Q

Cataract

A

Gradual worsening blurred vision, despite good Snellen acuity.

Glare from ongoing headlights at night

Defect in the red reflex

Lens opacity

54
Q

Cataract Causes

A

Old age

Congenital Metabolic e.g. diabetes

Infective, e.g. rubella

Physical, e.g. trauma, radiotherapy, UV exposure

Drugs, e.g. steroids

55
Q

Glaucoma

Management

A

PG analogues (e.g. latanoprost)

Beta-blockers (e.g. timolol)

Oral acetazolamide

Laser and surgery

56
Q

ARMD

A

Commonest cause of irreversible visual loss in >60

Progressive steady decline in central vision

Difficulty in reading

Distortion of straight lines

Bilateral but may be asymmetrical

57
Q

ARMD

Management

A

Modification of risk factors

Magnifying aids may help with reading

Good lighting (esp. natural light) helps with vision

Wet (abnormal new vessels grow and leak) - anti-VEGF intravitreal inections

58
Q

ARMD Risk factors

A

Old age

Smoking

FHx

Poor diet

59
Q

Diabetic retinopathy

A

Microvascular occlusion and leakage

Commonest cause of blindness ages 20-65

2 types - non-proliferative and proliferative

Reduced vision only occurs in advanced disease and may be irreversible

60
Q

Diabetic retinopathy

Treatment

A

Monitor

Laser photocoagulation

61
Q

Central retinal artery occlusion (CRVO)

A

Sudden unilateral loss of vision

Reduced visual acuity in that eye

Diffuse pallor of the retina due to retinal ischaemia

Due to an embolus

Cherry red spot

62
Q

Retinal detachment

A

Unilateral loss of vision

Flashing lights and floaters preceding with a shadow coming across the eye

Detachment of the inner sensory retina from the pigmented epithelium of the retina

Most common cause is due to posterior vitreous detachment or ocular trauma

More common in short-sighted people

63
Q

Temporal arteritis

Treatment

A

High dose IV steroids

64
Q

Optic Neuritis

A

Idiopathic or associated with MS

Initially fundoscopy is normal, after a few weeks pale disc due to optic nerve inflammation

Enlarged blind spot

Slight vision loss with ache in eye, impaired colour vision

65
Q

Amaurosis Fugax

A

Transient and painless loss of vision in one eye - “curtain passing across the eye”

Rapid onset lasting for seconds or minutes Indicates of transient retinal ischaemia

Risk for CRAO, stroke

Usually associated with stenosis of the ipsilateral carotid artery

Systemic workup needed including carotid dopplers, echo, chol/trig levels, BP monitoring

66
Q

Unilateral red eye

A

FUGIT

Foreign body

Ulcer

Glaucoma

Iritis/uveitis

Trauma

67
Q

Chemical injuries

Management

A

15-20mins of constant irrigation with saline

68
Q
A

Herpes simplex

69
Q
A

Hyphaema

70
Q
A

Iritis

71
Q
A

Subconjunctival haemorrhage

General Practice (9 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions