Optha 1 Flashcards
1
Q
what are anesthetics
A
- reversible block of conduction through nerve fibers
- topic agents: proparacaine!!, tetracaine
2
Q
what are sympathomimetics
A
- alpha-agonists
- suppress aqueous production = lowers iop
- brimonidine
- decongests the conjunctival blood vessels
3
Q
what are beta antagonists/beta blockers
A
- suppress aqueous production = dec iop
- blocks beta 1 and 2 receptors in ciliary body
- timolol contra: asthma, copd, chf, arrythmias
- betaxolol: cardioselective beta1 antagonist
4
Q
what are cholinergics
A
- improves outflow
- direct acting muscarinic parasympathomimetic
- causes miosis
- increases axial length of lens
- increases permeability of blood-aqueous layer
- cheapest
5
Q
what are carbonic anhydrase inhibitors
A
- inhibits carbonic anhydrase = decrease aqueous production
- oral has many side effects, give as drops
- dorzolamide, brinzolamide
6
Q
what are prostaglandin analogs
A
- enhances aqueous outflow through uveroscleral pathway
- mainstay, first line, long acting
- “-prost”
- se: conjunctival hyperemia, darkening of lids, can change color of irises, thickening lashes
7
Q
what are hyperosmotics
A
- increase serum osmolality
- draws water from the eye
8
Q
moa of steroids
A
- inhibit phospholipase a2
- reduces production of prostaglandins and leukotrienes
9
Q
ocular complications of steroids
A
- glaucoma (gag accumulation in tm)
- cataract
- delayed wound healing
- enhanced microbial proliferation
10
Q
steroids available
A
- dexamethasone phosphate/alcohol
- prednisone acetate
- flurorometholone
- loteprednol
11
Q
moa of nsaids
A
- inhibits cyclooxygenase
- reduced prostaglandins, no effect on leukotrienes
12
Q
examples of nsaids
A
- ketorolac, diclofenac (anesthetic effect)
- nepafenac or nevanac
13
Q
indications for antibacterials
A
- conjunctivitis
- central microbial keratitis
- other external eye infection
14
Q
gram positive antibiotics
A
- try not to use
- chloramphenicol, erythromycin, sulfacetamide
- 2nd to 4th gen fluoroquinolone
15
Q
gram negative antibiotics
A
- basic polypeptides
- aminoglycosides
- neomycin, gentamicin, tobramycin
16
Q
broad spectrum antibiotics
A
- fluoroquinolones: ofloxacin, ciprofloxacin, moxifloxacin
17
Q
antiviral drugs
A
- ganciclovir: inhibits dna polymerase, less stinging and burning
- acyclovir: inhibits dna polymerase
18
Q
indications for antifungal drugs
A
- fungal keratitis
19
Q
types of antifungal drugs
A
- polyenes: binds to ergosterol and plasma membrane
- imidazoles: inhibit ergosterol synthesis, direct cell membrane damage
- flucytosine: blocks fungal thymidine synthesis
20
Q
what is natamycin
A
- only antifungal available
- poor ocular penetration, needs debridement
- can lead to toxicity
21
Q
anti-allergy drugs
A
- 1st gen ah: weak, for symptom relief; pheniramine, antazoline with naphazoline
- 2nd gen ah: blocks h receptor and icam-1, first aid; emedastine
- mast cell stabilizer: blocks histamine release; cromolyn sodium, pemirolast, ledozamide
- combination drops: olopatadine, ketotifen, epinastine, azelastine
