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Ocular Anatomy & Physiology > OPT1210 Exam 3 > Flashcards

OPT1210 Exam 3 Flashcards

1
Q

What is the joining of an ovum and a sperm called?

A

fertilized zygote

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2
Q

What are the six stages of development?

A 
Fertilization (Day 1)
Pre-embryonic (Weeks 1-2)
Embryonic (Weeks 2-9)
Fetal (Weeks 9-Delivery)
Neonate (first 4 weeks after birth)
Infant (after 4 weeks)
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3
Q

What are the stages of Embryogenesis?

A 
Fertilization
2-cell zygote
4-cell zygote
8-cell zygote
16-cell zygote.......
Morula (64-cells)
Blastula (100 cells)
Gastrula
Embryo
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4
Q

In what stage does the Zona Pellucida disintegrate to release the blastocyst?

A

Pre-embryonic

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5
Q

What does the gastrula initially separate into?

A

Epiblast - Primitive streak

Hypoblast

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6
Q

When the Zona Pellucida disintegrates, what is released?

A

Blastocyst

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7
Q

What do the inner and outer layers of the blastocyst develop into?

A

Trophoblast - outer cells form placenta

Embryoblast - inner cells develop into embryo

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8
Q

The gastrula divides into three primary germ layers. What are they?

A

Ectoderm - epidermis, brain neuron, pigment
Mesoderm - muscle cells, RBCs
Endoderm - pancreas, lung, thyroid

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9
Q

Embryonic mesoblast consists of what 3 layers?

A

Outer Neuroectoderm
Middle Mesoderm
Inner Endoderm

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10
Q

By what day does the embryo have a head to tail orientation?

A

Day 19

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11
Q

By Day 19, the Neuroepithelium shows polarity and has what orientation?

A

Apex up, Base down

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12
Q

By Day 22, the Neuroepithelium has what orientation?

A

Cell apex inside, call base out

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13
Q

By what Day do the neural folds fuse and become neural tube?

A

Day 22

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14
Q

By what Day does the optic primordium form?

A

Day 22

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15
Q

What appears by Day 23 as an evagination of forebrain (prosencephalon)?

A

Optic Pit

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16
Q

By what day does the neural tube close?

A

Day 23

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17
Q

The optic stalk develops into what?

A

optic nerve

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18
Q

The optic vesicle develops into what?

A

Globe

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19
Q

The eye fields for optic vesicle at what day?

A

Day 25

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20
Q

The optic vesicle induces the lens placode in what week?

A

Weeks 3-4

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21
Q

When does the right and left optic primordia meet at the optic chiasma?

A

Weeks 5-6

Stage 11

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22
Q

When does the optic cup and lens vesicle invaginate?

A

Day 27

Stage 11

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23
Q

When does the embryonic fissure close?

A

Day 33

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24
Q

What feeds the lens and fills the embryonic fissure in Weeks 5-6?

A

Hyaloid artery

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25
Q

What are floaters?

A

Remnants of the hyaloid artery

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26
Q

When do eyelid folds appear?

A

Weeks 5-6

Stage 11

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27
Q

What do the eyelid folds become?

A

layers of the retina

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28
Q

In what weeks do the eyelids form?

A

Weeks 8-10

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29
Q

In what weeks are the lens placode indented by lens pit?

A

Weeks 8-10

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30
Q

When is the cornea formed?

A

Weeks 7-8

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31
Q

When is the anterior chamber formed?

A

Weeks 7-8

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32
Q

What are the ocular stages of development termed?

A

Carnegie Ocular Stages

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33
Q

What occurs in Stage 10?

A

Optic Primordia

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34
Q

What occurs in Stage 11?

A

Right and Left Optic primordia meet at optic chiasma

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35
Q

What occurs in Stage 12?

A

Optic neural crest is at maximum

Optic vesicle covered by sheath

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36
Q

What occurs in Stage 13?

A

Optic Vesicle close to surface ectoderm causes thickening to form lens

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37
Q

What occurs in Stage 14?

A

Lens placode indented by lens pit

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38
Q

What occurs in Stage 15?

A

Lens pit is closed

Lens vesicle and optic cup close to surface ectoderm

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39
Q

What happens in Stage 16?

A

Growth of the lens body into d-shaped cavity
perilental blood vessels (Tunica vasculosa lentis)
Eyelid groove is formed

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40
Q

What is formed in Stage 17?

A

Retinal pigment visible
Retinal fissure closed
eyelid grooves deepen
eyelid folds develop first below, then above eye

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41
Q

What occurs in Stage 18?

A

Mesenchyme invades between lens epithelium and surface ectoderm

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42
Q

What occurs in Stage 19-22?

A

Eyelid folds develop into eyelids
Palpebral fissure takes shape
Upper and lower eyelids meet at outer canthus

43
Q

What occurs in Stage 20?

A

Lens cavity is lost
Lens suture begins to form
Inner canthus is established

44
Q

What occurs in Stage 23?

A

Retina is comprised of many layers

45
Q

What layers comprise retina?

A 
Pigmented layer
External limiting membrane
Proliferative zone
external neuroblastic layer
transient fiber layer
internal neuroblastic layer
nerve fiber layer
internal limiting membrane
eyelids closure is complete
46
Q

What occurs in Stage 22?

A

Lens sutures

Retina forming

47
Q

When is optic vesicle fully developed?

A

Day 25

48
Q

When is the optic cup formed?

A

Day 27

49
Q

What forms to allow the hyaloid artery to enter the inner eye and the ganglion cell axons to exit?

A

Embryonic fissure

50
Q

What day does the embryonic fissure close?

A

Day 33

51
Q

What starts the formation of the basic structure of the eye?

A

The closure of the embryonic fissure

52
Q

What becomes retina and retinal pigment epithelium?

A

The lips of the optic cup (inner and outer neuroepithelium)

53
Q

What occurs when the retinal pigment epithelium does not fuse?

A

Coloboma

54
Q

What is a coloboma that occurs anteriorly?

A

An iris defect

55
Q

What is the lens derived from?

A

Surface ectoderm

56
Q

What is the retina derived from?

A

Neuroectoderm

57
Q

What is the vascular endothelium derived from?

A

Mesoderm

58
Q

What is the vitreous (hyaloid vessels, collagen fibrils, hyaluronic acid) derived from?

A

Neuroectoderm

59
Q

When is retinal vascularization completed?

A

8 months

60
Q

When do the eyelids unfuse?

A

22 weeks

61
Q

When does a fetus open its eyes?

A

26-28 weeks

62
Q

What is an absence of the iris called?

A

aniridia

63
Q

How many bones make up the orbit?

A

7

64
Q

What are the bones of the orbit?

A 
Frontal (roof of orbit)
Sphenoid
Zygomatic
Ethmoid
Palatine
Lacrimal
Maxillary (floor of orbit)
65
Q

How many wall of the orbit are there and what are they?

A 
4;
Superior
Medial
Inferior
Lateral
66
Q

What shape is the orbit and how is it oriented?

A

Pyramidal
Base is anterior
Apex is posterior

67
Q

How does orbital entrance sit in skull?

A

45 degree angle

Rotated laterally

68
Q

What “hole” carries the sensory nerves from upper part of face - 1st division of trigeminal nerve (V)?

A

Supraorbital foramen (may or may not be true foramen…usually a notch)

69
Q

What “hole” carries the 2nd division of trigeminal nerve (V)?

A

Infraorbital Foramen (true foramen)

70
Q

What “hole” do most nerves in skull go through?

A

Superior Orbital Fissure

71
Q

What “hole” does the optic nerve go through?

A

Optic Foramen

72
Q

The trochlear is what?

A

The “pulley” that holds the superior oblique muscle

73
Q

How do we maintain the primary position of gaze?

A

Constantly firing medial recti muscles

74
Q

How does the globe sit within the orbit?

A

laterally 23 degrees with respect to the midline

Orbital muscles only pull globe in natural primary position

75
Q

What are two functions of eyelids?

A 
Protect eye (eyelid skin)
Distributes tears and contribute to tear film
76
Q

Where do the orbital muscles insert?

A

On the globe

77
Q

Where is the origin of the orbital muscles?

A

Annulus of Zinn

78
Q

What muscle lifts the upper eyelid?

A

Levator Palpebrae Superioris

79
Q

Where are the Meimobian glands and what do they secrete?

A

Embedded in the tarsal plates in the eyelids

Oily component of tear film around eyelids

80
Q

Which way do muscle fibers of orbicularis oculi run?

A

Laterally

81
Q

What is the dense fibrous connective tissue beneath the muscle layer in the eyelid?

A

Tarsal plates

Eyelid tendons

82
Q

What muscle closes the eyelids?

A

Orbicularis oculi

83
Q

What are the 3 glands of the eyelids and their function?

A

Meibomian glands - largest glands, oily secretion
Glands of Zeis - sebaceous glands at base of eyelashes
Glands of Moll - apocrine or sweat glands at base of eyelashes

84
Q

What part of tear film does lacrimal gland secrete?

A

Aqueous

85
Q

What are the cilia follicles?

A

eyelashes

86
Q

What are the 3 portions of the orbicularis oculi?

A

Preseptal
Pretarsal
Orbital

87
Q

What muscle is innervated by the autonomic nervous system (sympathetic and inserts beneath the tendon of the levator on the tarsal plate?

A

Mullers Muscle

88
Q

What is overstimulation of Mullers muscle called?

A

Eyelid Stare

89
Q

How many Meibomian glands are embedded in upper tarsus? Lower tarsus?

A

25 Upper

20 Lower

90
Q

What are the tendons of the eyelid that insert laterally and medially?

A

Canthal tendons

91
Q

What are the lacrimal bones?

A

Lacrimal
Inferior Concha
Ethmoid
Maxillary

92
Q

What does the lacrimal system do?

A

Produce and drain tears

93
Q

What are the parts of the lacrimal system?

A

Lacrimal glands (2) - produce tears
Superior and inferior puncta - drain tears to canaliculi
Lacrimal sac - hold tears from canaliculi
Lacrimal canal - to nose

94
Q

What is the path of tears?

A

Orbital and Palpebral lacrimal gland (aqueous tears)
Superior and Inferior puncta
Superior and Inferior canaliculi (vertical)
Lacrimal sac
Nasolacrimal duct
Inferior concha (turbinate)

95
Q

What are the 3 components of the tear film?

A

Oil from meibomian glands (outermost layer) and glands of Zeis
Aqueous from lacrimal gland (middle layer)
Mucus from goblet cells of conjunctiva (innermost layer)

96
Q

Where does tear film pool?

A

lower eyelid margin

97
Q

Lacrimal gland has how many portions, how many ducts?

A

2 portions: Orbital and Palpebral

12 ducts - pass from Orbital to Palpebral

98
Q

How many types of tears are there and what are they?

A

Basal
Reflex
Emotional

99
Q

What triggers tears? and blinking?

A

osmolarity - senses salt concentration

100
Q

What is the composition of tears?

A 
Water, Electrolytes, Lipids, Mucin, Proteins, enzymes
Inflammatory Mediators
Cytokines
Growth factors
WBCs
Antigens
Signaling molecules
Complement
Remodeling enzymes
101
Q

Explain the blink

A

As upper eyelid descends, the punctal papillae elevate and touch each other to prevent reflux of previous tears
Lid closure squeezes the fluid out of the drainage system into the sac and canal
As eyelid opens, a vacuum is created (by negative pressure) and tears are sucked into the drainage system

102
Q

Which puncta drains 85% of tears?

A

Inferior puncta (gravity)

103
Q

When do babies produce tears?

A

After 6 weeks of age when lacrimal gland ducts are formed

Ocular Anatomy & Physiology (3 decks)

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