OPT1210 Exam 2 Flashcards
(222 cards)
1
Q
How many bones are in the human skull?
A
22
2
Q
How is the infant skull different from the adult skull?
A
Infant skull has 4 fontanels (2 fontanels: anterior, posterior and 2 sutures: sphenoid, mastoid)
and fibrous membrane that holds bones together and
Allows movement of bones during birth and growth of brain
3
Q
The bones of the skull are joined by what?
A
Sutures
4
Q
What is the skullcap called?
A
Calvarium
5
Q
What bones support teeth and form nasal cavity and orbit?
A
Facial bones
6
Q
What does suture mean?
A
To join together
7
Q
What are the 4 major sutures in the skull?
A
Coronal, Sagittal, Lamboidal, Squamous
8
Q
What are the major skull cavities?
A
There are 4: Cranial, Orbital, Nasal, Buccal
9
Q
What are the parts of the cranial fossa?
A
Anterior (Frontal lobe)
Middle (Temporal lobe)
Posterior (Cerebellum and Occipital lobes)
10
Q
What are the Cranial bones?
A
There are 14: Frontal Parietal Temporal Occipital (primary visual cortex) Sphenoid Ethmoidal Maxillary (single bone...not paired) Palatine Zygomatic Lacrimal Nasal Conchae Vomer Mandible
11
Q
Which of the Cranial bones protect the eye?
A
There are 7: Frontal Parietal Occipital Temporal Squamous Zygomatic Arch Mandibular Fossa TMJ External Auditory Meatus Styloid Process Mastoid
12
Q
Which bone houses the largest opening in the skull and what is it?
A
The occipital bone
It’s the Foramen Magnum (spinal cord)
13
Q
Which cranial bone conducts the 7th cranial facial nerve?
A
Styloid Process
14
Q
Which bone is bat shaped?
A
Sphenoid bone
15
Q
What is the thinnest bone in the body?
A
Ethmoid bone (aka paper bone)
16
Q
What are the 6 paired facial bones?
A
Lacrimal Nasal Zygomatic Maxilla Palatine Inferior Nasal Concha
17
Q
What are the palatine bones?
A
Make up the posterior 1/3 of hard palate
Lateral nasal wall
Orbital floor
18
Q
What are the zygomatic bones?
A
Include the zygomatic arch
Zygomatic fracture is the most common fracture of the skull
19
Q
What is the smallest bone of the orbit?
A
Lacrimal bones
20
Q
What are the bones of the orbit?
A
There are 7: Frontal (roof of orbit) Sphenoid Zygomatic Ethmoid Palatine Lacrimal Maxillary (floor of orbit)
21
Q
What are the 4 sinuses?
A
Frontal
Sphenoidal
Ethmoidal
Maxillary
22
Q
What do the 4 paranasal sinuses do?
A
Lighten weight of skull Provide airation Provide warmth Provide moisture Trap pathogens
23
Q
What are the 3 unpaired facial bones?
A
Vomer (vertical bone)
Mandible (freely movable)
Hyoid (free floating…muscles that let you swallow)
24
Q
How many pairs of mimetic muscles of facial expression are there?
A
36 pairs
25
What are the muscles of facial expression?
```
Levator Anguli Oris
Levator Labii Superioris
Levator Labii Superioris Alaeque Nasi
Mentalis
Nasalis
Orbicularis Oculi
Orbicularis Oris
Platysma
Procerus
Risorius
Zygomaticus Major
```
26
What nerve controls muscles of facial expression?
7th cranial nerve - facial
27
What is 7th nerve paralysis?
Bell's Palsy
28
How many wings of the sphenoid bone are there? What are they?
There are 2:
Greater wing
Lesser wing
29
What is the brain's most important receptor?
Eye
30
What are the parts of the CNS?
Brain and spinal cord
31
How many subdivisions of the nervous system are there? What are they?
There are 3:
CNS
PNS
ANS
32
What is the PNS?
All the nerves exiting the spinal cord and going to muscles and organs
33
What is the ANS?
All the nerves exiting the brain/spinal cord that control involuntary action of smooth muscle and glands
34
What are the parts of a single neuron?
Soma (cell body)
Axon (exiting)
Dendrites (entering)
Synapse
35
How long does it take to grow a dendrite?
Seconds to minutes...lost as quickly if not fired/wired
36
What is responsible for the myelination of CNS neurons?
Oligodendrocytes
37
What type of matter are axons?
White matter
38
Can CNS neurons regenerate?
NO
39
What matter are non-myelinated neurons?
Gray matter
40
What is the resting membrane potential?
Na/K disequalibrium
| Current created by movement of ions (Na+, K+, Cl-)
41
What ion is prevalent in ECF?
Na+
| 145 mEq/L
42
What ion is prevalent in ICF?
K+
| 150 mEq/L
43
What is most energy to cell used for?
ATP - sodium potassium ATPase
44
CNS Embryology - 3 parts of brain
Forebrain
Midbrain
Hindbrain
45
In embryonic development, what does nervous system develop from?
Surface ectoderm
46
In embryogenesis, what does the neural crest cells along the margin of the neural groove develop into?
Sensory and sympathetic neurons and schwann cells
47
In embryogenesis, what happens to neural tube in 4th week?
It develops 3 anterior dilations that become the brain
48
In embryogenesis, what does the lumen of the neural tube develop into?
the central canal of the spinal cord and ventricles of the brain
49
What does the average head weigh?
4.5 - 5 Kg or 8-12 lbs
50
What does the average brain weigh?
3 - 3.5 lbs
51
What is the front part of the brain called?
Rostral
52
What is the back part of the brain called?
Caudal
53
The cerebrum is how much of brain volume?
85%
54
The cerebellum is what percentage of neurons?
50%
55
The 2 parts of the brain (rostral and caudal) are separated by what?
Central sulcus
56
What does the central sulcus separate?
Precentral gyrus - motor neurons
| Postcentral gyrus - sensory neurons
57
What is the glistening arachnoid mater covering the brain?
Pia mater
58
What separates the hemispheres of the brain?
Longitudinal fissure
59
What matter is on the outside of the brain?
Gray matter (soma and dendrites)
60
What matter is on the inside of the brain?
White matter (myelinated axons)
61
What are the 2 cerebral hemispheres?
Right and Left
62
What are the hills and valleys in the brain?
Gyri
| Sulci
63
How are the two hemispheres connected?
Via the thick myelinated fibers of the Corpus Collosum
64
What is the Right hemisphere?
Representational
65
What is the Left hemisphere?
Categorical
| Analytical
66
What sits on top of the Corpus Collosum?
Cingulate Gyrus (C-shaped)
67
How many lobes of the brain are there? What are they?
```
There are 5 lobes:
Frontal
Parietal
Temporal
Occipital
Insula
```
68
In what lobe of the brain are the visual centers?
Occipital lobe
69
Is the Corpus Collosum, white or gray matter?
White
70
Is the Soma white or gray matter?
Gray
71
Are dendrites white or gray matter?
Gray
72
Are synapses white or gray matter?
Gray
73
Are axons white or gray matter?
White
74
What is the Cortical Neuron?
The cortex of the cerebrum
| Has 1000's of dendrites
75
What covers the brain?
3 meninges:
Dura mater
Arachnoid mater
Pia mater
76
What is between the brain and skull?
Cerebrospinal fluid
77
What is the outermost tough membrane covering the brain?
Dura mater
78
What space is between the skull and dura mater?
Epidural space
79
What space is between the dura mater and arachnoid mater?
Subdural space
80
What space is between the arachnoid mater and pia mater?
Subarachnoid space
81
What is the delicate innermost membrane, adherent to the brain and spinal cord?
Pia mater
82
How many ventricles of the brain?
There are 4:
2 lateral First and Second
Third Fourth
83
Where is CSF produced and by what?
Lateral ventricles by choroid plexus
84
What is CSF absorbed by?
Arachnoid villi
85
How much CSF is produced a day and where does it go?
500 mL/day
| Fills ventricles and subarachnoid space
86
If intracranial pressure is increased what will happen?
Papilledema
87
What is papilledema?
swelling of the optic nerve due to increased intracranial pressure
88
What is an increase in intracranial pressure from expanding CSF called?
Hydrocephalus
89
What is the first cranial nerve?
I - Olfactory
90
What is the second cranial nerve?
II - Optic (eye)
91
What is the third cranial nerve?
III - Oculomotor (eye)
92
What is the fourth cranial nerve?
IV - Trochlear (eye)
93
What is the fifth cranial nerve?
V - Trigeminal (eye)
94
What is the sixth cranial nerve?
VI - Abducens (eye)
95
What is the seventh cranial nerve?
VII - Facial (eye)
96
What is the eighth cranial nerve?
VIII - Acoustic
97
What is the ninth cranial nerve?
IX - Glossopharyngeal
98
What is the tenth cranial nerve?
X - Vagus
99
What is the eleventh cranial nerve?
XI - Spinal Accessory
100
What is the twelfth cranial nerve?
XII - Hypoglossal
101
What are the divisions of the ANS?
Sympathetic and Parasympathetic
102
Which division of ANS prepares body for fight or flight?
Sympathetic
103
Which division of ANS prepares body for physical activity?
Sympathetic
104
Which division of ANS increases heart rate, BP and airflow?
Sympathetic
105
Which division of ANS increases blood glucose levels?
Sympathetic
106
Which division of ANS calms body functions?
Parasympathetic
107
Which division of ANS assists in bodily maintenance?
Parasympathetic
108
Which division of ANS controls digestion and waste elimination?
Parasympathetic
109
What are the sensory organs?
```
The five senses:
Hearing
Smell
Sight
Touch
Taste
```
110
What are the 5 types of neurons in the retina?
```
photoreceptors
bipolar cells
ganglion cells
horizontal cells
amacrine cells
```
111
What cranial nerve is the thickest?
Optic nerve (II)
112
What cranial nerve moves 4 of the 6 extra ocular muscles?
Oculomotor nerve (III)
113
What cranial nerve moves the superior oblique muscle (moves eye in and down)?
Trochlear nerve (IV)
114
What cranial nerve is the longest in the skull and most subject to injury?
Trochlear nerve (IV)
115
What cranial nerve has 3 divisions? What are the divisions? Are they sensory or motor?
Trigeminal nerve (V)
V1 - Ophthalmic (sensory)
V2 - Maxillary (sensory)
V3 - Mandibular (motor - chewing)
116
What cranial nerve controls the lateral rectus muscle (look outward)?
Abducens nerve (VI)
117
What cranial nerve has 5 divisions? are they sensory or motor?
```
Facial nerve (VII) - motor
Temporal
Zygomatic
Buccal
Mandibular
Cervical
```
118
What cranial nerve controls hearing?
Acoustic (VIII)
119
What cranial nerve controls the tongue and throat?
Glossopharyngeal (IX)
120
What cranial nerve is the longest cranial nerve?
Vagus (X)
121
What cranial nerve controls autonomic functions?
Vagus (X)
122
What cranial nerve controls the tongue?
Hypoglossal (XII)
123
What cranial nerve controls sternocleidomastoid and trapezius muscles?
Accessory (XI)
124
Which division of the ANS dilates pupils?
Sympathetic
125
Which division of the ANS constricts pupils?
Parasympathetic
126
The eyes receive nerve fibers from both the sympathetic and parasympathetic division. What is this called?
Dual innervation
127
What innervates the sympathetic division of the ANS?
epinephrine (red top)
128
What innervates the parasympathetic division of the ANS?
acetyl choline (green top)
129
What does epinephrine do to pupils?
Dilates them
130
What does acetyl choline do to pupils?
Constricts them
131
What nerve ganglion is involved in pupil dilation?
Superior cervical ganglion
132
What nerve ganglion is involved in pupil constriction?
Ciliary ganglion
133
What are the 6 extra ocular muscles?
```
Superior rectus
Inferior rectus
Medial rectus (thickest, widest, strongest)
Lateral rectus
Superior oblique
Inferior oblique
```
134
How many cranial nerves innervate the extra ocular muscles?
3 (Oculomotor III, Trochlear IV, Abducens VI)
135
How many layers of retina and why important?
11 layers
| only photosensitive neural tissue in the body
136
What is a Calorie?
Amount of energy required to raise 1 gram of water by 1 degree Centrigrade
137
How many calories in 1 gram of carbs?
4 Calories
138
How many calories in a gram of protein?
4 Calories
139
How many calories in 1 gram of fat?
9 Calories
140
What do enzymes do?
Break down carbs
Polysaccharides to Glucose, Monosaccharides and other sugars
Break down protein to amino acids
Break down fats to glycerol and fatty acids
141
What is BMR?
Basal Metabolic Rate
Calories burnt doing nothing
Consumes approx 60-70% of calories
142
How many Americans have diabetes?
More than 1.8 million (tripled from 1980 to 2009)
143
What percentage of Americans will be diabetic by 2025?
40%
144
How many liters of blood in body?
4-6 liters
145
What are the components of blood?
```
erythrocytes
monocytes
lymphocytes
plasma
proteins formed by liver (globulins)
albumin (immunoglobins)
fibrinogen
```
146
What are the 3 granulocytes?
neutrophils
eosinophils
basophils
147
What are the surface antigens on RBCs?
glucose
galactose
fucose
148
What is the marker mutation on Type A blood?
N-acetylgalactosamine
149
What is the marker mutation on Type B blood?
extra Galactose
150
What is the most common blood type?
O
151
What is the most rare blood type?
AB
152
What blood type is the universal donor?
O neg
153
What blood type is the universal recipient?
AB pos
154
What granulocyte count goes up if have allergic reaction, primarily to parasitic infection?
Eosinophils
155
What granulocyte is most plentiful in blood?
neutrophils 60-70%
156
What do agranulocytes do?
destroy invaders
157
What is most plentiful agranulocyte in blood?
lymphocytes 25-33%
158
What is a CBC?
Complete Blood Count
total count for RBCs, reticulocytes, WBCs and platelets
hemocrit, hemoglobin concentration, differential WBC count
159
What is hemocrit?
pack cell volume
if low, means can't transport oxygen
normal male is 35-40% (consume more O2)
normal female is 45%
160
What does each side of the heart do?
Right - pumps blood from body to lungs
| Left - pumps blood from lungs to body
161
How many chambers of heart and what are they?
```
4 chambers:
Right Atrium
Left Atrium
Right Ventricle
Left Ventricle
```
162
All arteries carry oxygenated blood except what?
pulmonary arteries
163
What are the branches off of the aortic arch?
Brachiocephalic
Left Common Carotid
Left Subclavian
164
Which branch off of the aortic arch carries blood to central retinal artery in eye?
Left Common Carotid
165
What are the vessels that leave heart called?
arteries
166
What are the vessels that return to the heart called?
veins
167
Where is gas and nutrient exchange?
capillaries
168
What is amaurosis fugax?
warning sign that plaque is travelling to eye; can cause temporary blindness (mostly in left eye)
169
What is a neurovascular bundle?
A nerve, artery and vein grouping
170
Where is most of your blood?
Venous system
| 70% is in systemic circuit
171
Where is the highest blood flow per unit weight and size in the body?
Ciliary body of eye
172
What is systole?
Closure of AV valves
| 1st reading in BP
173
What is diastole?
Closure of semilunar valves
| 2nd reading in BP
174
What do the lymphatic and immune systems do?
maintain fluid balance
| protect body from infections and disease
175
What is tachycardia?
Rapid pulse >100 bpm
176
What is bradycardia?
Slow pulse
177
What is hypertension?
High BP > 140/90
178
What is hypotension?
Low BP
179
What is a sphygmomanometer?
device to take BP
180
What is lymph?
Clear, colorless liquid
| similar to plasma but with less protein
181
Which lymph vessels are more numerous? Afferent or Efferent?
Afferent
182
Where is the lymph drainage of the eye and orbit?
Preauricular Node (in front of ear)
183
What are the 3 lines of microbiological defense?
First - external barriers (skin, mucous membranes)
Second - phagocytic cells, antimicrobial proteins, inflammation, fever
Third - immune system
184
What is the natural antibiotic in tears and saliva?
Lysozyme
Cleaves bond btwn N-acetylmuramic and D-Glucosamine
Destroys bacterial cell wall
185
What are the two specific defense mechanisms?
```
T lymphocytes (NK cells)
B lymphocytes (humoral antibodies)
```
186
What antibody is a monomer in plasma?
IgA
187
What antibody is a monomer on mast cells?
IgE
188
What antibody is a surface antibody?
IgA
189
What antibody stimulates histamines?
IgE
190
What antibody is a dimer in mucus, saliva and tears?
IgA
191
What antibody attracts eosinophils?
IgE
192
What antibody prevents adherence to epithelia?
IgA
193
What antibody is a hypersensitivity reaction to allergens, parasites?
IgE
194
What is a PFT?
pulmonary function test
195
What is Spirometry?
a measurement of ventilation or respiratory volume
196
What is tidal volume
1 quiet breath
197
What is inspiratory reserve?
inhaled maximum effort
198
What is expiratory reserve?
exhaled maximum effort
199
What is the composition of air?
78% nitrogen
| 20% oxygen
200
What are the systems that eliminate waste?
Respiratory
Integumentary
Digestive
Urinary
201
How much of total body is water (150 lb male)?
40 L
202
Where is most fluid located in the body?
ECF (extracellular fluid) 65% or 25 L
| ICF (intracellular fluid) 35% or 15 L
203
What does anesthetic (lidocaine) do?
block Na+ channels in neuronal cell membranes
204
Where is Na+ most plentiful?
ECF
205
Where is K+ most plentiful?
ICF
206
What is homeostatis?
internal equilibrium
| metabolism depends on enzymes sensitive to pH
207
What is normal ECF pH?
7.35 to 7.45
208
What are the two types of hormones?
Hydrophilic - monoamines and peptides
| Hydrophobic - steroids
209
Where is the sympathetic ganglion located?
adrenal medulla
210
Where are chromaffin cells located?
adrenal medulla
211
What releases two neurohormones?
adrenal medulla
212
where is adrenaline (epinephrine and norepinephrine) produced?
adrenal medulla
213
What produces 3 types of corticosteroids?
adrenal cortex
214
What are the 3 types of corticosteroids produced by the adrenal cortex?
Mineralocorticoids
Glucocorticoids
Sex Steroids
215
What is the middle part of the adrenal cortex and what does it do?
Zona Fasciculata
| produces glucocorticoids
216
What does Cortisol do?
Stimulates fat and protein catabolism
Gluconeogenesis from Amino acids and fatty acids realeases glucose into blood
Acts as an anti-inflammatory (but suppresses immune system too)
217
What is the largest cranial nerve?
Trigeminal (V)
218
Which cranial nerves move the eye?
There are 3:
Oculomotor (III)
Trochlear (IV)
Abducens (VI)
219
Which cranial nerves carry gustatory (taste) information?
There are 3:
Facial (VII)
Glossopharyngeal (IX) and
Vagus (X)
220
Which cranial nerves carry sensory information about blood pressure to the brain?
There are 2:
Glossopharyngeal (IX)
Vagus (X)
221
Which cranial nerve constricts the pupil?
Oculomotor (III)
222
Which cranial nerve dilates the pupil?
None. It is dilated by sympathetic nerves that travel from the superior cervical ganglion
