OPT1210 Exam 2 Flashcards
How many bones are in the human skull?
22
How is the infant skull different from the adult skull?
Infant skull has 4 fontanels (2 fontanels: anterior, posterior and 2 sutures: sphenoid, mastoid)
and fibrous membrane that holds bones together and
Allows movement of bones during birth and growth of brain
The bones of the skull are joined by what?
Sutures
What is the skullcap called?
Calvarium
What bones support teeth and form nasal cavity and orbit?
Facial bones
What does suture mean?
To join together
What are the 4 major sutures in the skull?
Coronal, Sagittal, Lamboidal, Squamous
What are the major skull cavities?
There are 4: Cranial, Orbital, Nasal, Buccal
What are the parts of the cranial fossa?
Anterior (Frontal lobe)
Middle (Temporal lobe)
Posterior (Cerebellum and Occipital lobes)
What are the Cranial bones?
There are 14: Frontal Parietal Temporal Occipital (primary visual cortex) Sphenoid Ethmoidal Maxillary (single bone...not paired) Palatine Zygomatic Lacrimal Nasal Conchae Vomer Mandible
Which of the Cranial bones protect the eye?
There are 7: Frontal Parietal Occipital Temporal Squamous Zygomatic Arch Mandibular Fossa TMJ External Auditory Meatus Styloid Process Mastoid
Which bone houses the largest opening in the skull and what is it?
The occipital bone
It’s the Foramen Magnum (spinal cord)
Which cranial bone conducts the 7th cranial facial nerve?
Styloid Process
Which bone is bat shaped?
Sphenoid bone
What is the thinnest bone in the body?
Ethmoid bone (aka paper bone)
What are the 6 paired facial bones?
Lacrimal Nasal Zygomatic Maxilla Palatine Inferior Nasal Concha
What are the palatine bones?
Make up the posterior 1/3 of hard palate
Lateral nasal wall
Orbital floor
What are the zygomatic bones?
Include the zygomatic arch
Zygomatic fracture is the most common fracture of the skull
What is the smallest bone of the orbit?
Lacrimal bones
What are the bones of the orbit?
There are 7: Frontal (roof of orbit) Sphenoid Zygomatic Ethmoid Palatine Lacrimal Maxillary (floor of orbit)
What are the 4 sinuses?
Frontal
Sphenoidal
Ethmoidal
Maxillary
What do the 4 paranasal sinuses do?
Lighten weight of skull Provide airation Provide warmth Provide moisture Trap pathogens
What are the 3 unpaired facial bones?
Vomer (vertical bone)
Mandible (freely movable)
Hyoid (free floating…muscles that let you swallow)
How many pairs of mimetic muscles of facial expression are there?
36 pairs
What are the muscles of facial expression?
Levator Anguli Oris Levator Labii Superioris Levator Labii Superioris Alaeque Nasi Mentalis Nasalis Orbicularis Oculi Orbicularis Oris Platysma Procerus Risorius Zygomaticus Major
What nerve controls muscles of facial expression?
7th cranial nerve - facial
What is 7th nerve paralysis?
Bell’s Palsy
How many wings of the sphenoid bone are there? What are they?
There are 2:
Greater wing
Lesser wing
What is the brain’s most important receptor?
Eye
What are the parts of the CNS?
Brain and spinal cord
How many subdivisions of the nervous system are there? What are they?
There are 3:
CNS
PNS
ANS
What is the PNS?
All the nerves exiting the spinal cord and going to muscles and organs
What is the ANS?
All the nerves exiting the brain/spinal cord that control involuntary action of smooth muscle and glands
What are the parts of a single neuron?
Soma (cell body)
Axon (exiting)
Dendrites (entering)
Synapse
How long does it take to grow a dendrite?
Seconds to minutes…lost as quickly if not fired/wired
What is responsible for the myelination of CNS neurons?
Oligodendrocytes
What type of matter are axons?
White matter
Can CNS neurons regenerate?
NO
What matter are non-myelinated neurons?
Gray matter
What is the resting membrane potential?
Na/K disequalibrium
Current created by movement of ions (Na+, K+, Cl-)
What ion is prevalent in ECF?
Na+
145 mEq/L
What ion is prevalent in ICF?
K+
150 mEq/L
What is most energy to cell used for?
ATP - sodium potassium ATPase
CNS Embryology - 3 parts of brain
Forebrain
Midbrain
Hindbrain
In embryonic development, what does nervous system develop from?
Surface ectoderm
In embryogenesis, what does the neural crest cells along the margin of the neural groove develop into?
Sensory and sympathetic neurons and schwann cells
In embryogenesis, what happens to neural tube in 4th week?
It develops 3 anterior dilations that become the brain
In embryogenesis, what does the lumen of the neural tube develop into?
the central canal of the spinal cord and ventricles of the brain
What does the average head weigh?
4.5 - 5 Kg or 8-12 lbs
What does the average brain weigh?
3 - 3.5 lbs
What is the front part of the brain called?
Rostral
What is the back part of the brain called?
Caudal
The cerebrum is how much of brain volume?
85%
The cerebellum is what percentage of neurons?
50%
The 2 parts of the brain (rostral and caudal) are separated by what?
Central sulcus
What does the central sulcus separate?
Precentral gyrus - motor neurons
Postcentral gyrus - sensory neurons
What is the glistening arachnoid mater covering the brain?
Pia mater
What separates the hemispheres of the brain?
Longitudinal fissure
What matter is on the outside of the brain?
Gray matter (soma and dendrites)
What matter is on the inside of the brain?
White matter (myelinated axons)
What are the 2 cerebral hemispheres?
Right and Left
What are the hills and valleys in the brain?
Gyri
Sulci
How are the two hemispheres connected?
Via the thick myelinated fibers of the Corpus Collosum
What is the Right hemisphere?
Representational
What is the Left hemisphere?
Categorical
Analytical
What sits on top of the Corpus Collosum?
Cingulate Gyrus (C-shaped)
How many lobes of the brain are there? What are they?
There are 5 lobes: Frontal Parietal Temporal Occipital Insula
In what lobe of the brain are the visual centers?
Occipital lobe
Is the Corpus Collosum, white or gray matter?
White
Is the Soma white or gray matter?
Gray
Are dendrites white or gray matter?
Gray
Are synapses white or gray matter?
Gray
Are axons white or gray matter?
White
What is the Cortical Neuron?
The cortex of the cerebrum
Has 1000’s of dendrites
What covers the brain?
3 meninges:
Dura mater
Arachnoid mater
Pia mater
What is between the brain and skull?
Cerebrospinal fluid
What is the outermost tough membrane covering the brain?
Dura mater
What space is between the skull and dura mater?
Epidural space
What space is between the dura mater and arachnoid mater?
Subdural space
What space is between the arachnoid mater and pia mater?
Subarachnoid space
What is the delicate innermost membrane, adherent to the brain and spinal cord?
Pia mater
How many ventricles of the brain?
There are 4:
2 lateral First and Second
Third Fourth
Where is CSF produced and by what?
Lateral ventricles by choroid plexus
What is CSF absorbed by?
Arachnoid villi
How much CSF is produced a day and where does it go?
500 mL/day
Fills ventricles and subarachnoid space
If intracranial pressure is increased what will happen?
Papilledema
What is papilledema?
swelling of the optic nerve due to increased intracranial pressure
What is an increase in intracranial pressure from expanding CSF called?
Hydrocephalus
What is the first cranial nerve?
I - Olfactory
What is the second cranial nerve?
II - Optic (eye)
What is the third cranial nerve?
III - Oculomotor (eye)
What is the fourth cranial nerve?
IV - Trochlear (eye)
What is the fifth cranial nerve?
V - Trigeminal (eye)
What is the sixth cranial nerve?
VI - Abducens (eye)
What is the seventh cranial nerve?
VII - Facial (eye)
What is the eighth cranial nerve?
VIII - Acoustic
What is the ninth cranial nerve?
IX - Glossopharyngeal
What is the tenth cranial nerve?
X - Vagus
What is the eleventh cranial nerve?
XI - Spinal Accessory
What is the twelfth cranial nerve?
XII - Hypoglossal
What are the divisions of the ANS?
Sympathetic and Parasympathetic
Which division of ANS prepares body for fight or flight?
Sympathetic
Which division of ANS prepares body for physical activity?
Sympathetic
Which division of ANS increases heart rate, BP and airflow?
Sympathetic
Which division of ANS increases blood glucose levels?
Sympathetic
Which division of ANS calms body functions?
Parasympathetic
Which division of ANS assists in bodily maintenance?
Parasympathetic
Which division of ANS controls digestion and waste elimination?
Parasympathetic
What are the sensory organs?
The five senses: Hearing Smell Sight Touch Taste
What are the 5 types of neurons in the retina?
photoreceptors bipolar cells ganglion cells horizontal cells amacrine cells
What cranial nerve is the thickest?
Optic nerve (II)
What cranial nerve moves 4 of the 6 extra ocular muscles?
Oculomotor nerve (III)
What cranial nerve moves the superior oblique muscle (moves eye in and down)?
Trochlear nerve (IV)
What cranial nerve is the longest in the skull and most subject to injury?
Trochlear nerve (IV)
What cranial nerve has 3 divisions? What are the divisions? Are they sensory or motor?
Trigeminal nerve (V)
V1 - Ophthalmic (sensory)
V2 - Maxillary (sensory)
V3 - Mandibular (motor - chewing)
What cranial nerve controls the lateral rectus muscle (look outward)?
Abducens nerve (VI)
What cranial nerve has 5 divisions? are they sensory or motor?
Facial nerve (VII) - motor Temporal Zygomatic Buccal Mandibular Cervical
What cranial nerve controls hearing?
Acoustic (VIII)
What cranial nerve controls the tongue and throat?
Glossopharyngeal (IX)
What cranial nerve is the longest cranial nerve?
Vagus (X)
What cranial nerve controls autonomic functions?
Vagus (X)
What cranial nerve controls the tongue?
Hypoglossal (XII)
What cranial nerve controls sternocleidomastoid and trapezius muscles?
Accessory (XI)
Which division of the ANS dilates pupils?
Sympathetic
Which division of the ANS constricts pupils?
Parasympathetic
The eyes receive nerve fibers from both the sympathetic and parasympathetic division. What is this called?
Dual innervation
What innervates the sympathetic division of the ANS?
epinephrine (red top)
What innervates the parasympathetic division of the ANS?
acetyl choline (green top)
What does epinephrine do to pupils?
Dilates them
What does acetyl choline do to pupils?
Constricts them
What nerve ganglion is involved in pupil dilation?
Superior cervical ganglion
What nerve ganglion is involved in pupil constriction?
Ciliary ganglion
What are the 6 extra ocular muscles?
Superior rectus Inferior rectus Medial rectus (thickest, widest, strongest) Lateral rectus Superior oblique Inferior oblique
How many cranial nerves innervate the extra ocular muscles?
3 (Oculomotor III, Trochlear IV, Abducens VI)
How many layers of retina and why important?
11 layers
only photosensitive neural tissue in the body
What is a Calorie?
Amount of energy required to raise 1 gram of water by 1 degree Centrigrade
How many calories in 1 gram of carbs?
4 Calories
How many calories in a gram of protein?
4 Calories
How many calories in 1 gram of fat?
9 Calories
What do enzymes do?
Break down carbs
Polysaccharides to Glucose, Monosaccharides and other sugars
Break down protein to amino acids
Break down fats to glycerol and fatty acids
What is BMR?
Basal Metabolic Rate
Calories burnt doing nothing
Consumes approx 60-70% of calories
How many Americans have diabetes?
More than 1.8 million (tripled from 1980 to 2009)
What percentage of Americans will be diabetic by 2025?
40%
How many liters of blood in body?
4-6 liters
What are the components of blood?
erythrocytes monocytes lymphocytes plasma proteins formed by liver (globulins) albumin (immunoglobins) fibrinogen
What are the 3 granulocytes?
neutrophils
eosinophils
basophils
What are the surface antigens on RBCs?
glucose
galactose
fucose
What is the marker mutation on Type A blood?
N-acetylgalactosamine
What is the marker mutation on Type B blood?
extra Galactose
What is the most common blood type?
O
What is the most rare blood type?
AB
What blood type is the universal donor?
O neg
What blood type is the universal recipient?
AB pos
What granulocyte count goes up if have allergic reaction, primarily to parasitic infection?
Eosinophils
What granulocyte is most plentiful in blood?
neutrophils 60-70%
What do agranulocytes do?
destroy invaders
What is most plentiful agranulocyte in blood?
lymphocytes 25-33%
What is a CBC?
Complete Blood Count
total count for RBCs, reticulocytes, WBCs and platelets
hemocrit, hemoglobin concentration, differential WBC count
What is hemocrit?
pack cell volume
if low, means can’t transport oxygen
normal male is 35-40% (consume more O2)
normal female is 45%
What does each side of the heart do?
Right - pumps blood from body to lungs
Left - pumps blood from lungs to body
How many chambers of heart and what are they?
4 chambers: Right Atrium Left Atrium Right Ventricle Left Ventricle
All arteries carry oxygenated blood except what?
pulmonary arteries
What are the branches off of the aortic arch?
Brachiocephalic
Left Common Carotid
Left Subclavian
Which branch off of the aortic arch carries blood to central retinal artery in eye?
Left Common Carotid
What are the vessels that leave heart called?
arteries
What are the vessels that return to the heart called?
veins
Where is gas and nutrient exchange?
capillaries
What is amaurosis fugax?
warning sign that plaque is travelling to eye; can cause temporary blindness (mostly in left eye)
What is a neurovascular bundle?
A nerve, artery and vein grouping
Where is most of your blood?
Venous system
70% is in systemic circuit
Where is the highest blood flow per unit weight and size in the body?
Ciliary body of eye
What is systole?
Closure of AV valves
1st reading in BP
What is diastole?
Closure of semilunar valves
2nd reading in BP
What do the lymphatic and immune systems do?
maintain fluid balance
protect body from infections and disease
What is tachycardia?
Rapid pulse >100 bpm
What is bradycardia?
Slow pulse
What is hypertension?
High BP > 140/90
What is hypotension?
Low BP
What is a sphygmomanometer?
device to take BP
What is lymph?
Clear, colorless liquid
similar to plasma but with less protein
Which lymph vessels are more numerous? Afferent or Efferent?
Afferent
Where is the lymph drainage of the eye and orbit?
Preauricular Node (in front of ear)
What are the 3 lines of microbiological defense?
First - external barriers (skin, mucous membranes)
Second - phagocytic cells, antimicrobial proteins, inflammation, fever
Third - immune system
What is the natural antibiotic in tears and saliva?
Lysozyme
Cleaves bond btwn N-acetylmuramic and D-Glucosamine
Destroys bacterial cell wall
What are the two specific defense mechanisms?
T lymphocytes (NK cells) B lymphocytes (humoral antibodies)
What antibody is a monomer in plasma?
IgA
What antibody is a monomer on mast cells?
IgE
What antibody is a surface antibody?
IgA
What antibody stimulates histamines?
IgE
What antibody is a dimer in mucus, saliva and tears?
IgA
What antibody attracts eosinophils?
IgE
What antibody prevents adherence to epithelia?
IgA
What antibody is a hypersensitivity reaction to allergens, parasites?
IgE
What is a PFT?
pulmonary function test
What is Spirometry?
a measurement of ventilation or respiratory volume
What is tidal volume
1 quiet breath
What is inspiratory reserve?
inhaled maximum effort
What is expiratory reserve?
exhaled maximum effort
What is the composition of air?
78% nitrogen
20% oxygen
What are the systems that eliminate waste?
Respiratory
Integumentary
Digestive
Urinary
How much of total body is water (150 lb male)?
40 L
Where is most fluid located in the body?
ECF (extracellular fluid) 65% or 25 L
ICF (intracellular fluid) 35% or 15 L
What does anesthetic (lidocaine) do?
block Na+ channels in neuronal cell membranes
Where is Na+ most plentiful?
ECF
Where is K+ most plentiful?
ICF
What is homeostatis?
internal equilibrium
metabolism depends on enzymes sensitive to pH
What is normal ECF pH?
7.35 to 7.45
What are the two types of hormones?
Hydrophilic - monoamines and peptides
Hydrophobic - steroids
Where is the sympathetic ganglion located?
adrenal medulla
Where are chromaffin cells located?
adrenal medulla
What releases two neurohormones?
adrenal medulla
where is adrenaline (epinephrine and norepinephrine) produced?
adrenal medulla
What produces 3 types of corticosteroids?
adrenal cortex
What are the 3 types of corticosteroids produced by the adrenal cortex?
Mineralocorticoids
Glucocorticoids
Sex Steroids
What is the middle part of the adrenal cortex and what does it do?
Zona Fasciculata
produces glucocorticoids
What does Cortisol do?
Stimulates fat and protein catabolism
Gluconeogenesis from Amino acids and fatty acids realeases glucose into blood
Acts as an anti-inflammatory (but suppresses immune system too)
What is the largest cranial nerve?
Trigeminal (V)
Which cranial nerves move the eye?
There are 3:
Oculomotor (III)
Trochlear (IV)
Abducens (VI)
Which cranial nerves carry gustatory (taste) information?
There are 3:
Facial (VII)
Glossopharyngeal (IX) and
Vagus (X)
Which cranial nerves carry sensory information about blood pressure to the brain?
There are 2:
Glossopharyngeal (IX)
Vagus (X)
Which cranial nerve constricts the pupil?
Oculomotor (III)
Which cranial nerve dilates the pupil?
None. It is dilated by sympathetic nerves that travel from the superior cervical ganglion
