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Ocular Anatomy & Physiology > OPT1210 Exam 1 > Flashcards

OPT1210 Exam 1 Flashcards

1
Q

Greek word for thought/word

A

logos

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2
Q

What is the study/science of eyes?

A

Ophthalmology

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3
Q

What does the field of ophthalmology encompass?

A 
Anatomy
Physiology
Optics
Pathology
Pharmacology
Medicine
Surgery
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4
Q

What is the eye?

A

The brain

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5
Q

What are the 5 senses and nerves that sense them?

A

Hearing - auditory nerve
Smell - cranial nerve 1 (olfactory nerve)
Touch - proreceptive nerves all over body
Taste - sensory nerves in tongue
Vision - cranial nerve 2 (optic nerve)

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6
Q

What is the body’s most important organ?

A

Eyes

85% of everything we have learned came through our eyes

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7
Q

Are our eyes the same?

A

Eyes are bilaterally symmetrical

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8
Q

What interprets visual imagery and makes sense of it?

A

Occipital cortex

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9
Q

What is the clarity with which you see called?

A

Visual acuity

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10
Q

What is the comparison between an image and its surroundings called?

A

Contrast

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11
Q

Why do some people get carsick?

A

Vestibular-ocular mismatch

The sense of movement is fooled by what the eye sees

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12
Q

Structures of eye and orbit

A 
Pupil
Iris
Sclera
Upper and lower eyelids
Caruncle
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13
Q

How do you produce tears?

A

Blinking
The eyelids
Lacrimal apparatus

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14
Q

What parts of eye have focusing power?

A

Cornea - 85% of focusing power

Crystalline lens - 15% of focusing power

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15
Q

Extra ocular anatomy

A

Six extra ocular muscles (4 recti; medial rectus is widest)
Conjunctiva - covers sclera
Cornea - corneal-scleral junction is limbus
Iris - colored part of eye

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16
Q

Intra ocular anatomy

A

Crystalline lens and Zonules - threads that connect/control movement of lens
Fluids (aqueous and vitreous)
Retina

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17
Q

Greek word for eye

A

ophthalmos

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18
Q

Intra ocular fluids

A

Aqueous humour - anterior chamber

Vitreous gel - posterior chamber

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19
Q

Rods are responsible for what?

A

Scotopic night vision

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20
Q

Cones are responsible for what?

A

Photopic day vision

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21
Q

What contains 4000 cone cells (no rods)?

A

Fovea

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22
Q

What wavelengths do cones perceive?

A

Red
Green
Blue

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23
Q

Pathway of light

A 
Through tear film
cornea, aqueous humour
lens
vitreous cavity
to stigma (single point of focus)
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24
Q

optic nerve

A

one for each eye

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25
Q

optic chiasm

A

1/2 of vision in each eye goes to each side of brain

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26
Q

occipital cortex

A

LGN, optic radiation, primary visual cortex (occipital lobes)

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27
Q

How many bones make up orbit?

A

7

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28
Q

Principle of Refraction

A

Snell’s Law

Light is bent as it passes from a less dense to a more dense medium

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29
Q

What is 20/20?

A

normal vision: emmetropia

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30
Q

What is Nearsightedness?

A

Myopia

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31
Q

What is Farsightedness?

A

Hyperopia

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32
Q

What is Blurry focus?

A

Astigmatism

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33
Q

What does a Phoropter measure?

A

Lens power

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34
Q

What is an ICL?

A

Implantable Contact Lens

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35
Q

What are the top five causes of blindness?

A 
Age-related macular dengeneration
Cataracts
Diabetic retinopathy
Glaucoma
Corneal opacification
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36
Q

What is a cataract?

A

A Clouding of the natural lens of the eye.

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37
Q

How are cataracts repaired?

A 
Cataract surgery
Topical anesthesia
Microincision
Capsulorrhexis
Phacoemulsification
Irrigation and Aspiration of Lens Cortex
Implantation of Intraocular Lens (IOL)
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38
Q

What is glaucoma?

A

An increase in intraocular pressure that damages the optic nerve. It reduces peripheral vision.

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39
Q

What are the diseases of the Retina?

A

Age-related macular degeneration

Diabetic retinopathy

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40
Q

Front

A

Anterior

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41
Q

Back

A

Posterior

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42
Q

Top

A

Superior

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43
Q

Bottom

A

Inferior

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44
Q

Middle

A

Median or Medial

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45
Q

Adjacent to Middle

A

Paramedian

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46
Q

To the Side

A

Lateral

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47
Q

Around

A

Peri

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48
Q

Between

A

Inter or Intra (within)

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49
Q

Divides body into right and left halves

A

Saggital plane
Medial
Longitudinal

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50
Q

Divides body into front and back

A

Coronal or Frontal plane

Cross-section

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51
Q

Divides body into upper and lower

A

Transverse plane

Horizontal

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52
Q

Chemical hierarchy

A 
Atom
Molecule
Organelle
Cell
Tissue
Organ
System
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53
Q

What is a chemical element?

A

The simplest form of matter with unique chemical properties

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54
Q

Structure of an Atom

A 
Nucleus - center of atom 
Has protons (+ charge) and
Neutrons (no charge)
Electron shells surround nucleus and have a - charge
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55
Q

How many elements have a biological role and which elements comprise 98.5% of body weight (or the eye)?

A 
28 elements have a biological role.  6 most prevalent in body:
Hydrogen
Carbon
Nitrogen
Oxygen
Phosphorus
Calcium
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56
Q

What is an ion?

A

An atom with a + or - charge

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57
Q

What is an Anion?

A

An atom with a - charge that has gained an electron

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58
Q

What is a Cation?

A

An atom with a + charge that has lost an electron

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59
Q

What cells are thin and flat and found on the surface?

A

Squamous

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60
Q

What cells are irregularly angular with 4 or more sides and need to make contact with other cells?

A

Polygonal

61
Q

What cells are square and for stacking/structure?

A

Cuboidal

62
Q

What cells are rectangular (taller than wider)?

A

Columnar

63
Q

What cells are round and need to roll or be in motion?

A

Spheroid

64
Q

What cells are disc-shaped (taco shaped) and need to squeeze through openings?

A

Discoid

65
Q

What cells have spikes and need to stay in contact with other cells?

A

Stellate

66
Q

What is a long peptide chain made of the 26 amino acids?

A

Membrane proteins

Comprise 2% of cell membrane but 50% of its weight

67
Q

What cells need to stretch and contract?

A

Fusiform

68
Q

What cells need to provide structure?

A

Fibrous

69
Q

What are the 3 ways things are transported through membrane?

A

Passive transport - goes through on own
Active transport - requires energy to go through
Osmosis - movement of water across a membrane

70
Q

What cells have a cell membrane?

A

Human eukaryotic cells

71
Q

What are cell membranes comprised of?

A

Lipid bilayer with Polar (phosphate heads)

72
Q

What is tonicity?

A

Ability of a solution to affect fluid volume and pressure within a cell
Deals with concentration of salt

73
Q

What is Isotonic?

A

Same concentration of salt outside and inside
Cell size does not change
Normal saline is same as body tissue composition

74
Q

What is normal saline?

A

0.9% NaCl in 1 liter of water

75
Q

What is Hypotonic?

A

Low concentration of salt 0.45% NaCl (1/2 normal saline)

Cells absorb water, swell and burst (lyse)

76
Q

What is Hypertonic?

A

High concentration of salt >0.9% NaCl

Cells lose water and shrivel (crenate)

77
Q

What are chromosomes?

A

Tightly wound package of genetic material

46 DNA molecules (23 pairs + 1 pair sex chromosomes)

78
Q

What is the structure of DNA?

A

Polymer of nucleotides
Phosphate - backbone of purine or protomine
Sugar - deoxyribose
Deoxyribose - Nitrogenous base

79
Q

What is a gene?

A

Codes for one protein

80
Q

What is a genome?

A

All the genes of a person (30,000 -35,000)
98% of DNA is “junk” or regulatory (turns other genes on or off)
All humans are 99% genetically identical

81
Q

What is a normal karyotype?

A

Distribution of 23 pairs of chromosomes of cell (seen only in metaphase)

82
Q

What was the Human Genome Project?

A

Race to map entire base sequence (A, T, C, G)
1990-2003
Watson and Crick

83
Q

What are dominant alleles?

A

Produce protein responsible for visible trait

Phenotype

84
Q

What are recessive alleles?

A

Expressed only when both alleles are recessive

85
Q

What are 2 or more loci contributing to a single phenotypic trait?

A

Polygenic inheritance

e.g. skin color, eye color, alcoholism, heart disease

86
Q

What is the study of tissues?

A

Histology

87
Q

What is a collection of similar cells that arose from the same region of embryo?

A

Tissue

88
Q

How many cell types are in the human body?

A

200

89
Q

What are the four classes of tissue?

A

Epithelial
Connective
Muscular
Nervous

90
Q

What is the study of tissues for organ formation?

A

Microscopic anatomy

91
Q

What are composed of two or more different types of tissues and form “discrete boundaries”?

A

Organ structures

92
Q

What is the beginning of the development of a human being from a cell?

A

Embryogenesis

93
Q

How many germ cell layers of embryonic disc are there? What are they?

A

Three;
Ectoderm
Mesoderm
Endoderm

94
Q

From what germ cell layer does Neural: RPE, retina, iris muscles and optic nerve and Surface: Lens, epithelium, and lacrimal gland originate?

A

Ectoderm

95
Q

From what germ cell layer does bones, muscle, cartilage, blood, and lymphoid tissue originate?

A

Mesoderm

96
Q

From what germ cell layer does gut and respiratory epithelium and glands originate (not ocular)?

A

Endoderm

97
Q

What is the “strings and glue” that holds cells together?

A

Fibrous proteins

Ground substance

98
Q

How do you prepare a histological specimen?

A

Fixative prevents decay (Formalin)
Embedded in paraffin wax
Sliced into thin sections 1 or 2 cells thick
Stained to show cellular components
Placed on glass slide and covered for viewing under microscope

99
Q

What does epi- mean?

A

on top

100
Q

What does -thelium mean?

A

tissue

101
Q

What are the characteristics of epithelium?

A

Layers of closely adhering cells
No blood vessels
Underlying connective tissue supplies oxygen
Rests on basement membrane (basal cells) that
anchors epithelium to connective tissue

102
Q

What is simple epithelium?

A 
one layer of cells
simple squamous (flat)
103
Q

What is simple cuboidal epithelium?

A

single row of cube-shaped cells - formed to create a conduit (ducts)

104
Q

What is simple columnar epithelium?

A

Single row of tall, narrow cells - formed where absorption occurs (the lining of the gut)

105
Q

What is stratified epithelia?

A

more than one layer of cells

106
Q

What is pseudostratified epithelia?

A

more than one layer of cells of different sizes and shapes

107
Q

Where are keratinized cells located?

A

In outer layer (hair, skin, nails)

dead cells

108
Q

Where is thickest skin located?

A

Soles of feet and palms of hands

109
Q

What allows cells to communicate and allows passage between them?

A

Intercellular junctions

110
Q

What holds cells together?

A

Connective Tissue

111
Q

What is the most abundant and variable tissue in the human body?

A

Connective Tissue

112
Q

What is connective tissue?

A

Widely spaced cells separated by fibers and ground substance

113
Q

What is the most abundant connective tissue in the body?

A

Soft areolar tissue

114
Q

What do adipocytes do?

A

Store triglycerides

115
Q

What is around eye that lets it move freely?

A

adipose tissue and orbital fat

116
Q

Adipose cells have what pushed to cell membrane?

A

nucleus

117
Q

What cells are in connective tissue?

A

Macrophages - phagocytize foreign material and activate immune system and arise from monocytes (WBCs)
Neutrophils - prevent infection, deployed to site of injury
Plasma cells - synthesize antibodies
Mast cells - induce inflammation (heparin & histamine)

118
Q

What fibers are in connective tissue?

A

Collagen - largest macro molecule in body, tough, stretch resistant
Elastin - specialized form of collagen, stretches
Ground substance

119
Q

What are the types of muscle tissue?

A

Skeletal - long, striated, powerful, most prevalent
Cardiac - intercalated disks, only in heart, never rests
Smooth - involuntary, control orafices, tubes, vessel walls

120
Q

Where is skeletal muscle in the eye?

A

ocular muscles

121
Q

Where is smooth muscle in the eye?

A

Iris - short fusiform cells

122
Q

What is replacement of damaged cells with original cells called?

A

Regeneration

123
Q

What is replacement of damaged cells with scar tissue called?

A

Fibrosis

124
Q

How are wounds healed?

A 
Damaged vessels leak blood
Histamine is released to induce inflammation
clot forms
scab forms
macrophages clean up debris
new capillaries grow
fibroblasts deposit new collagen
epithelial cells multiply
scab falls off
epithelium thickens
connective tissue forms
125
Q

Can all ocular tissues heal?

A

No
Lens and Retina cannot
Most heal by fibrosis and scarring (associated with a loss of function)

126
Q

What are the 12 organ systems?

A 
Integumentary
Skeletal
Muscular
Lymphatic
Respiratory
Urinary
Nervous
Endocrine
Circulatory
Digestive
Reproductive (Male and Female)
127
Q

What is the largest organ in the human body?

A

Skin (15% of body weight)

128
Q

Where is the thinnest skin in the human body?

A

Eyelid

129
Q

What are the layers of the skin?

A

Epidermis (from Ectoderm)
Dermis (from Mesoderm)
Connective Tissue Layer
Hypodermis

130
Q

What produces alpha keratin - the tough outer coat of the skin, hair and nails and comprises 85% of all skin cells?

A

Keratinocytes

131
Q

What synthesizes pigment that shields UV light?

A

Melanocytes

132
Q

What are the layers of the Epidermis?

A

Stratum Corneum
Stratum granulosum
Stratum spinosum
Stratum basale

133
Q

Where does a subcutaneous injection go?

A

Between the dermis and epidermis

about a 3/8 inch needle

134
Q

Where does an intradermal injection go?

A

In the dermis

135
Q

Where does a hypodermic injection go?

A

In the hypodermis to be picked up by the blood supply

about a 3/4 inch needle

136
Q

Where does a intramuscular injection (depo injection) go?

A

In the muscle below the hypodermis

Give this type if want med to sit there

137
Q

What may someone with a hemangioma on the left side of the face, near the eye, be at risk for?

A

Glaucoma (increased pressure)

138
Q

What is a hemangioma?

A

An abnormal growth of vessels (capillary bed) in hypodermis

139
Q

How much exposure to UV light is safe?

A

None

140
Q

What makes up bone?

A

Osseous matrix:
1/3 organic (collagen, glycosaminoglycans, proteoglycans and glycoproteins)
2/3 inorganic (85% hydroxyapatite, 10% calcium carbonate, Fluoride, Potassium and Magnesium)

141
Q

What are the two divisions of the skeleton?

A

Axial (trunk) 80 bones

Appendicular (limbs) 132 bones

142
Q

How many bones in human skeleton?

A

Adult 212

Birth 270

143
Q

What bones comprise the axial skeleton?

A 
Central axis
Skull
Vertebral column
Ribs
Sternum
Sacrum
Coccyx
144
Q

What bones comprise the appendicular skeleton?

A

Four Girdles - Shoulders and Pelvic

Arms and Legs

145
Q

What are the functions of membrane proteins?

A 
Receptors
Enzymes
Channel proteins (gates)
Identity markers
Adhesion molecules
146
Q

In which layer of epidermis are cells dead, keratinized and up to 30 layers thick (7 layers in eyelids)?

A

Stratum Corneum

147
Q

In what layer of epidermis do cells begin to lose nuclei, are 3-5 layers of keratinocytes and are hydrophobic (create a waterproof barrier)?

A

Stratum granulosum

148
Q

What layer of epidermis is dendritic, has Langerhans cells and macrophages?

A

Stratum Spinosum

149
Q

What layer of epidermis sits on basement membrane, has melanocytes, Merkel cells and is the origin of basal cell carcinoma?

A

Stratum Basale

Ocular Anatomy & Physiology (3 decks)

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