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Nazi Germany > Opposition to the Nazis > Flashcards

Opposition to the Nazis Flashcards

1
Q

Why were Trade Unions not particularly able to oppose the Nazis?

A
  • No real possibility of a general strike
  • The economic climate disallowed for this
  • 2nd May they were shut down and replaced by the DAF
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2
Q

When were SPD funds seized and when were they forced to disband?

A
  • May 1933 funds seized

- June 1933 forced to disband

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3
Q

What were the Red Shock Troop?

A
  • An SPD group producing the newspaper ‘Red shock troop’ every 10 days
  • Built up a membership of around 3,000
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4
Q

When was the Red Shock Troop shut down?

A

December 1933

  • Leaders arrested and send to concentration camps
  • By 1938 the Gestapo would trace back their publications and arrest them
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5
Q

How did the SPD oppose from 1939 onwards?

A
  • SOPADE reports

- Gathered public opinion in Germany to pass to the allies

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6
Q

What was the ‘new beginning’

A
  • A lot of the left wing in the party felt they shouldn’t have split
  • They thought they should be a more united SPD
  • KPD supported in Jan 1939
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7
Q

Why was KPD opposition more significant towards the Nazis?

A
  • Not strained by the policy of legality

- They were actively targeted by the Nazis

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8
Q

When was the KPD infiltrated by the Gestapo?

A

1933-35

- Lots taken prisoner and put in concentration camps (Resichstag fire)

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9
Q

What was the ‘Popular Front’

A
  • During the Spanish civil war

- Communists should work w/ left wing against fascism

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10
Q

When did communist opposition die down and when did it increase?

A
  • Died down after the Nazi-soviet pact 1939

- Saw an increase after Operation Barbarossa 1941

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11
Q

Who was Willhelm Knöckel and what did he do?

A
  • Began forming small communist cells of opposition

- Set up 89 cells by 1941 in Berlin

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12
Q

What did the Uhrig group do?

A

Leafletted factories and put up posters urging workers to partake in sabotage

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13
Q

What did the Red Orchestra do?

A

Group of gov employees who passed information about German war effort to the USSR

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14
Q

Who was George Elser?

A

Communist who attempted to assassinate Hitler

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15
Q

Why was there limited opposition from the right wing?

A
  • Initially a lot of them supported the Nazis

- They were afraid of communism

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16
Q

In which speech did Von Papen defy the regime?

A
  • University of Marburg speech June 1934

- Open defiance in which he called for a return to normality

17
Q

What was the ‘Hossbach Memorandum’ ?

A

1937

  • Hitlers outlined the foreign policy of expansionism in Berlin
  • This received pragmatic opposition from Generals
  • Blomberg and Fritsch were worried about how Germany would carry this out
18
Q

What happened to Blomberg and Fritsch after the ‘Hossbach Memorandum’

A

Removed 1938

  • Fritsch was allegedly homosexual
  • Blomberg wife was supposedly a prosititute
19
Q

Who was General Ludwig Beck and what did he do?

A
  • Attempted a Putsch in 1938
  • This was not supported by Britain due to Neville Chamberlains policy of appeasement
  • Munich agreement of 1938 showed Hitler could make demands
20
Q

What was the Beck-Goerdeler Group?

A
  • A small group in the army who wanted to see Hitler removed from power
  • They were connected to mayor of Leipzig, Carl Goerdeller who wanted to go back to Kaiser times
21
Q

What was the Kreisaw Circle Civilisation and what made it hard for them to oppose the Nazis?

A
  • A group who wanted a democratic Germany post war

- Hitlers overwhelming foreign policy success made this difficult

22
Q

What was ‘Operation Flash’?

A

1943

  • An attempt to bomb Hitlers plane
  • Put bombs in flasks
  • Bombs did no go off
23
Q

Outline the July Bomb Plot?

A
  • Plotters used the term ‘Operation Valkyrie’ as a smokescreen for their invasion
  • Klaus Von Stauffenberg often met with Hitler
  • The initial plan was to kill Göring and Himmler too
  • Failed to activate both bombs
  • Hitler was defended by a table
  • Hitler had changed the meeting venue last second
24
Q

How did Catholic voters react to the Nazi before 1933?

A
  • Majority of Catholic voters were hostile and stayed loyal to the Catholic Centre Party
25
Q

What led to opposition from the Church?

A
  • War of attrition at a local level and the position of both Churches in 1935
  • Youth organisations were suppressed
  • Catholic newspapers shut down
  • Catholic schools closed down
  • All contrary to the Concordat signed in July 1933
26
Q

What was Pope Pius XI’s encyclical called?

A

March 1937

  • Titled ‘With Burning Anxiety’
  • Smuggled into Germany to be read on Palm Sunday
  • Contained criticism of Nazi policies towards the Catholic Church
  • Urged Hitler to abide by the concordat
27
Q

What did Catholic bishop Clemens Graf von Galen do?

A
  • Spoke out in 1941 against the systematic murder of mentally ill thought the T4 programme
  • A lot of catholics did not accept the socially engineered master race that the Nazis wanted
28
Q

How many catholics were kept in Dachau concentration camps?

A
  • 400 Catholic Priests

- Shows the great deal of opposition and partaking in resistance activities from them

29
Q

How were Protestant Churches affected?

A
  • Maintained close relations with the state as Prussia was protestant
  • April 1933 Nazis attempted to control through appointment of Reich Bishop Ludwig Müller
  • One Church with Nazi elements, altering the gospels and Nazifying Christianity
30
Q

How did the Confessional Church react to attempts of Nazifying Christianity?

A
  • Broke away in 1934 in opposition to German Christians, 2,000 ministers broke away
  • Led by Pastor Martin Niemöller
  • Set up a protestant women’s Bureau which had 2.5 million members
  • 1937 Niemöller was arrested and sent to prison
31
Q

Name some examples of things Nazis did to Christianity?

A
  • Removed the Old Testament because it was Jewish
  • Lots of Nazi Nationalism. conservatism and an anti-communist stance
  • Christian ethics were not accounted for and were looked down upon, they encouraged anti-semitism instead
32
Q

Who were the Swing Youth?

A
  • Liked American Jazz (dissent)
  • Nazis condemned this as ‘negroid’ music
  • These were middle class youth in towns, they also held illegal dances
  • More dissent than political opposition
33
Q

Who were the Eidelweis Pirates?

A
  • More working class in West Germany
  • Somewhat political, clear acts of sabotage
  • Executed in 1944, Cologne
34
Q

Who were the White Rose group?

A
  • Hans and Sophie Sholl
  • Distributed leaflets in universities of Nazi atrocities
  • Advocated resistance and sabotage of the evil regime
  • 6 members, including Hans and Sophie were executed
35
Q

What were lightning strikes?

A
  • Strikes that only lasted a few hours
  • 1936 autobahn workers held a lightning strikw
  • They also sabotaged machinery and called in sick
  • Most of this was overlooked due to workers being in great demand
  • E.g during war time not doing the Nazi salute was often overlooked

Nazi Germany (13 decks)

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