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C: Fascist Italy Foreign Policy > Opposition > Flashcards

Opposition Flashcards

1
Q

What was the first form of opposition to Fascism?

A

Matteotti (1924)

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2
Q

Who were the Rosselli brothers?

A
  • Carlo and Nello Rosselli.
  • Came from a wealthy Tuscan family.
  • After a period in the army and uni, both became lecturers.
  • Became increasingly horrified by Fascist violence.
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3
Q

Who was the more politically radical Rosselli brother?

A
  • Carlo.

- joined the PSI and after 1922 participated in anti-Fascist organisations & spread anti-Fascist propaganda.

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4
Q

Why was Carlo Rosselli arrested in December 1926?

A

Helped opponents escape to exile but was arrested.

Sentenced to 5 years imprisonment on Lipari island.

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5
Q

When did Carlo escape?

A

July 1929. Then fled to paris.

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6
Q

When was Nello arrested?

A

Briefly arrested in 1927 & remained under police surveillance.

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7
Q

What was the anti-Fascist group set up by Carlo?

A
  • Justice and Liberty (GL)

- set up in Paris

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8
Q

What did GL do?

A
  • they publicised conditions in Italy
  • smuggled propaganda leaflets into Italy
  • helped secret activity in Italy
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9
Q

What else did Carlo do?

A
  • When the Italian govt sent troops to fight Franco in SCW, he helped organise 30k anti-Fascist Italians to join an anti-Fascist crusade in Spain.
  • Made radio broadcasts to Italy c. their struggle, claiming “Today in Spain; tomorrow in Italy”.
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10
Q

What was the slogan broadcast by Carlo’s radio channel?

A

“Today in Spain; tomorrow in Italy”

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11
Q

What did the GL help inflict the defeat on?

A
  • BM’s troops at Guadalajara in March 1937.

- Carlo publicised this humiliation & helped provoke BM’s revenge.

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12
Q

What happened to the Rosselli brothers in June 1937?

A

They were both murdered by French fascists, acting on Foreign Minister Ciano’s orders.

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13
Q

Anti-Fascist concentration

A
  • Established in Paris 1927
  • Mainly Socialists, some Liberals
  • Tried to overcome previous divisions; difficult
  • Concentrated on informing Europeans of evils of Fascism via conferences and journals
  • 1934: dissolved itself, as it was losing support to the more radical GL, & Communist organisations.
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14
Q

Work in exile

A
  • After 1924 many major politicians left Italy
  • 1000s of exiles publicised horrors of Fascism abroad, smuggled anti-Fascist lit into Italy, and planned for the overthrow of Fascism
  • From 1936 there were 3k anti-Fascist volunteers fighting in Spain
  • Italian Garibaldi Legion defeated Italian Fascist troops at Guadalajara, March 1937
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15
Q

What were the exiles called?

A

Fuorusciti

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16
Q

The Communist Party

A
  • 1926: most leaders arrested, but local party cells, & newspaper “Unita” survived illegally
  • 2k to 8k members
  • Some success in N in infiltrating factories & TUs to foment strikes and demos
  • Helped by Soviet money but Comintern policy (1928-34) of non-collaboration w/ other anti-F groups limited its impact
  • 1930s: Depression & new popular front policy meant it attracted more support
  • 1943 onwards: major role in resistance movement in N. Italy
17
Q

Who was Bassanesi?

A
  • GL member
  • flew over Milan in July 1930 dropping 100k leaflets urging resistance
  • Was a major publicity coup for anti-Fascism
18
Q

Who was De Bosis?

A
  • taught himself to fly

- In 1931 he dropped 400k leaflets over Rome telling people they should unite with the monarchy against F.

19
Q

When did De Bosis drop 400k leaflets over Rome?

A

3rd Oct 1931

20
Q

GL (Justice and Liberty)

A
  • 1929 founded by CR in Paris
  • Tried to galvanise Italians into anti-F action
  • Established underground network in Italy, but frequently smashed.
  • After the murder of the Rossellis, GL declined; then revived from 1943, during liberation struggle.
21
Q

The Church

A
  • Despite the Concordat agreement there was later by the Catholic church of:
    (i) Fascist pressure on CA (1931)
    (ii) racist decrees (1938)
  • CA organisations remained as potential rivals to F.
22
Q

The Fascist Party

A
  • F remained a diverse movement, & there was always simmering criticism from some, especially Radicals, e.g. the Concordat
  • 1943: majority of Grand Council voted to remove BM from office
23
Q

The King

A
  • Generally supportive; but privately expressed criticism of actions he saw as threatening his position, and various policies, e.g. racist decrees
  • July 1934: dismissed BM
24
Q

Ethnic minorities

A
  • Periodic protests
  • including bomb attacks and murders of policemen
  • at imposition of Italian language and culture on German and Slav minorities in Alto Adige & Venezia Giulia
25
Q

Armed uprising

A
  • 1943 to 1945: Growing resistance movement against German occupation of the N
  • Communist guerrillas shot BM, 1945
26
Q

Assassination attempts

A
  • Various anarchist isolated actions; 4 attempts on BM’s life in 1925 (Rome) & 1926 (Bologna: suspected of being staged to justify 1926 repression)
  • 1931: bombs in Turin, Genoa and Bologna
27
Q

Non-conformity

A
  • Hard to assess but various forms:
    (i) refusal to make Fascist salute
    (ii) refusal to wear Fascist uniform
    (iii) anti-F jokes
    (iv) verbal insults
    (v) Late 30s non-compliance w/ Reform of Customs
28
Q

Propaganda

A
  • underground printing of anti-F propaganda
  • Secret Press had some success, especially in the N, but periodically disrupted by the police.
  • Distribution of anti-F leaflets, w/ instructions to pass on to at least 6 others
  • Anti-F slogans on walls
29
Q

Armed uprisings

A
  • 1943 to 1945: Growing resistance movement against German occupation of the N
  • Communist guerrillas shot BM, 1945
30
Q

Open expression of criticism

A
  • Growing public criticism of F violence, culminating in the murder of Matteotti; increasingly repressed after 1925
  • Parliamentary Aventine Secession 1924-25
  • Some critical journals survived till 1926; then suppressed; less direct opposition via cultural journals
  • Intellectual criticism persisted throughout period, especially from Croce, e.g. Manifesto of Anti-F Intellectuals, 1925
  • Elements in elite periodically expressed criticism
31
Q

Strikes & demos

A
  • declined 1924-25, but periodic illegal strikes:
    (a) Turin March 1943 major strike, quickly gained concessions
    (b) Bologna 1930 & 1931 protests against closing soup kitchens, & having to pay for medical injections
    (c) Trieste 1933 protests about lack of food
    (d) Forli 1935 protests demanding public works

-1933: numerous spontaneous demos in N cities w/ slogan “We want bread & jobs”

32
Q

Why was there so little opposition in Italy?

A

REASON 1- strength of the govt
REASON 2- attitudes of ordinary people
REASON 3- practical problems

33
Q

REASON 1- strength of govt

A
  • strong repressive machinery
  • popular policies
  • propaganda
  • popularity of the leader
34
Q

REASON 2- attitudes of ordinary people

A
  • mass apathy
  • careerism
  • reluctance to break law
  • support for the govt
  • fear of the govt
35
Q

REASON 3- practical reasons

A
  • hard to organise meetings

- hard to spread ideas

C: Fascist Italy Foreign Policy (19 decks)

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