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HIV/AIDS FINAL EXAM > Opportunistic Infections > Flashcards

Opportunistic Infections Flashcards

1
Q

What types of organisms can be pathogens?

A

Fungi, protozoa, bacteria, viruses

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2
Q

What is an OI?

A

An infection that occurs with a pathogen that would not infect a person with a healthy immune system. These only occur in those that are immunodepressed.

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3
Q

Why are OIs more frequent in recent years?

A

HIV attacks the immune system, and modern medical treatments result in suppressed immune system like chemotherapy, more elderly people, organ transplantation

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4
Q

Studies show that very few patients who maintained a CD4 count above _____/ul developed an OI.

A

200-300

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5
Q

The first incidence of OI will occur when CD4 counts drop below ______/ul

A

500

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6
Q

Very severe/rare OIs tend to arise when the patients CD4 count drops below ______/ul

A

200

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7
Q

What percentage of AIDS patients die to OI?

A

about 90

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8
Q

Why are fungal infections difficult to treat?

A

High recurrence rate and regional

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9
Q

What organism causes thrush?

A

Candida albicans, causes yeast infections but can happen in oral cavity

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10
Q

What organism causes PCP?

A

pneumocystis jiroveci

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11
Q

Describe the fungal disease PCP

A

Found in lungs, most people exposed to it by age 30-40. Causes inflammation and lung damage in immunosuppressed. Symptoms: fever, dry cough, shortness of breath. Occurred in 80% of AIDS patients through the 90s and remains the most common serious OI in the USA.

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12
Q

Name the 4 opportunistic Viral diseases we went over.

A

Hep C (HCV), Herpes Viruses 1 and 2, Cytomegalovirus, Herpes Zoster Virus

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13
Q

Describe Hep C

A

Swelling of liver, 7 fold increase in death in HIV infected people. 200 million world wide infected with HCV and 5 mil in the US alone. Transmission similar to HIV.

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14
Q

How many people with HIV are co-infected with Hep C?

A

2.3 million

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15
Q

What group has a high co infection rate of Hep C and HIV?

A

IV drug users and hemopheliacs

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16
Q

What are the first symptoms of Hep C?

A

No symptoms for 10-30 years following infection for non-HIV infected. Fatigue, joint and abdominal pain, nausea, lapses in concentration

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17
Q

Why does HIV speed the progression of HCV?

A

HAART prolongs life but HCV cuts it short. ART drugs are metabolized by the liver and it is difficult to detoxify the drugs

18
Q

What is the most common viral infection in immunocompromised individuals?

A

Cytomegalovirus

19
Q

CMV is a member of the :

A

Herpesviridae

20
Q

Regarding the incidence of CMV, what percentage range of HIV infected also are infected with CMV?

A

30-80%

21
Q

List the symptoms of CMV infection

A

fever, anemia, leukopenis, diarrhea, SUDDEN BLINDNESS

22
Q

what percentage of people with HIV are also infected with HSV?

A

95%

23
Q

List the symptoms of HSV-1

A

severe and progressive blister like eruptions of mucous membranes of nose and mouth, may also cause blindness by detatching retina

24
Q

Describe HSV-2

A

primarily infects anus and primarily in homosexual men with HIV

25
Q

Describe the Herpes Zoster Virus

A

Shingles….in the same family as herpes viruses, can cause viral pneumonia in AIDS patients and the untreated mortality rate is 15-35%

26
Q

Name the 2 protozoal diseases we went over

A

Toxoplasma gondii and Plasmodium falciparum

27
Q

Describe Toxoplasmosis

A

intracellular protozoan parasite that infects macrophages and other cells, Can infect any mammal and cats are a common host

28
Q

In the US, what percentage range of adults are chronically infected with toxoplasmosis ?

A

10-40

29
Q

What percent of AIDS patients will develop toxoplasma encephalitis at some time?

A

over 30

30
Q

what are the symptoms of toxoplasmosis?

A

fever, headache, confusion, sleepiness, weakness, seizures, eventually coma and death if not treated

31
Q

Where does Malaria pose the greatest threat?

A

sub saharan africa

32
Q

what causes malaria?

A

plasmodium falciparum, transmitted by the anopheles mosquito

33
Q

Name the 2 mycobacterium that cause opportunisit bacterial disease in AIDS patients

A

Mycobacterium avium intracellulare and m. tuberculosis

34
Q

Describe m. avium intracellulare

A

once rare, now common in the us,, acquired from the environment found in food animals water and soil, enter peoples lungs when they shower

35
Q

m. avium intracellulare occurs in what percent of HIV infected?

A

25

36
Q

Name the symptoms of m. avium intracellulare

A

non specific wasting disease, anorexia, weakness, fever, diarrhea, etc

37
Q

What is the leading cause of death and illness in HIV infected individuals worldwide?

A

TB

38
Q

Describe TB:

A

exclusively airborne transmission, infects lungs, many of these bacteria are multi drug resistant, NOT considered an OI because immunocompetent can become infected.

39
Q

What are the odds of an HIV infected person becoming infected with TB
per year?

A

10% per year

40
Q

Through 2018 worldwide, how many people were co infected with TB and HIV?

A

18 million

41
Q

Name the 4 main cancers seen in AIDS patients

A

kaposis sarcoma (only one considered an OI), non-hodgkins lymphoma, progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy, invasive cervical cancer

42
Q

what percentage range of AIDS patients develop cancer?

A

30-40%

HIV/AIDS FINAL EXAM (3 decks)

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