Opportunistic Infections

Question 1

What types of organisms can be pathogens?

Answer 1

Fungi, protozoa, bacteria, viruses

Question 2

What is an OI?

Answer 2

An infection that occurs with a pathogen that would not infect a person with a healthy immune system. These only occur in those that are immunodepressed.

Question 3

Why are OIs more frequent in recent years?

Answer 3

HIV attacks the immune system, and modern medical treatments result in suppressed immune system like chemotherapy, more elderly people, organ transplantation

Question 4

Studies show that very few patients who maintained a CD4 count above _____/ul developed an OI.

Answer 4

200-300

Question 5

The first incidence of OI will occur when CD4 counts drop below ______/ul

Answer 5

500

Question 6

Very severe/rare OIs tend to arise when the patients CD4 count drops below ______/ul

Answer 6

200

Question 7

What percentage of AIDS patients die to OI?

Answer 7

about 90

Question 8

Why are fungal infections difficult to treat?

Answer 8

High recurrence rate and regional

Question 9

What organism causes thrush?

Answer 9

Candida albicans, causes yeast infections but can happen in oral cavity

Question 10

What organism causes PCP?

Answer 10

pneumocystis jiroveci

Question 11

Describe the fungal disease PCP

Answer 11

Found in lungs, most people exposed to it by age 30-40. Causes inflammation and lung damage in immunosuppressed. Symptoms: fever, dry cough, shortness of breath. Occurred in 80% of AIDS patients through the 90s and remains the most common serious OI in the USA.

Question 12

Name the 4 opportunistic Viral diseases we went over.

Answer 12

Hep C (HCV), Herpes Viruses 1 and 2, Cytomegalovirus, Herpes Zoster Virus

Question 13

Describe Hep C

Answer 13

Swelling of liver, 7 fold increase in death in HIV infected people. 200 million world wide infected with HCV and 5 mil in the US alone. Transmission similar to HIV.

Question 14

How many people with HIV are co-infected with Hep C?

Answer 14

2.3 million

Question 15

What group has a high co infection rate of Hep C and HIV?

Answer 15

IV drug users and hemopheliacs

Question 16

What are the first symptoms of Hep C?

Answer 16

No symptoms for 10-30 years following infection for non-HIV infected. Fatigue, joint and abdominal pain, nausea, lapses in concentration

Question 17

Why does HIV speed the progression of HCV?

Answer 17

HAART prolongs life but HCV cuts it short. ART drugs are metabolized by the liver and it is difficult to detoxify the drugs

Question 18

What is the most common viral infection in immunocompromised individuals?

Answer 18

Cytomegalovirus

Question 19

CMV is a member of the :

Answer 19

Herpesviridae

Question 20

Regarding the incidence of CMV, what percentage range of HIV infected also are infected with CMV?

Answer 20

30-80%

Question 21

List the symptoms of CMV infection

Answer 21

fever, anemia, leukopenis, diarrhea, SUDDEN BLINDNESS

Question 22

what percentage of people with HIV are also infected with HSV?

Answer 22

95%

Question 23

List the symptoms of HSV-1

Answer 23

severe and progressive blister like eruptions of mucous membranes of nose and mouth, may also cause blindness by detatching retina

Question 24

Describe HSV-2

Answer 24

primarily infects anus and primarily in homosexual men with HIV

Question 25

Describe the Herpes Zoster Virus

Answer 25

Shingles....in the same family as herpes viruses, can cause viral pneumonia in AIDS patients and the untreated mortality rate is 15-35%

Question 26

Name the 2 protozoal diseases we went over

Answer 26

Toxoplasma gondii and Plasmodium falciparum

Question 27

Describe Toxoplasmosis

Answer 27

intracellular protozoan parasite that infects macrophages and other cells, Can infect any mammal and cats are a common host

Question 28

In the US, what percentage range of adults are chronically infected with toxoplasmosis ?

Answer 28

10-40

Question 29

What percent of AIDS patients will develop toxoplasma encephalitis at some time?

Answer 29

over 30

Question 30

what are the symptoms of toxoplasmosis?

Answer 30

fever, headache, confusion, sleepiness, weakness, seizures, eventually coma and death if not treated

Question 31

Where does Malaria pose the greatest threat?

Answer 31

sub saharan africa

Question 32

what causes malaria?

Answer 32

plasmodium falciparum, transmitted by the anopheles mosquito

Question 33

Name the 2 mycobacterium that cause opportunisit bacterial disease in AIDS patients

Answer 33

Mycobacterium avium intracellulare and m. tuberculosis

Question 34

Describe m. avium intracellulare

Answer 34

once rare, now common in the us,, acquired from the environment found in food animals water and soil, enter peoples lungs when they shower

Question 35

m. avium intracellulare occurs in what percent of HIV infected?

Answer 35

25

Question 36

Name the symptoms of m. avium intracellulare

Answer 36

non specific wasting disease, anorexia, weakness, fever, diarrhea, etc

Question 37

What is the leading cause of death and illness in HIV infected individuals worldwide?

Answer 37

TB

Question 38

Describe TB:

Answer 38

exclusively airborne transmission, infects lungs, many of these bacteria are multi drug resistant, NOT considered an OI because immunocompetent can become infected.

Question 39

What are the odds of an HIV infected person becoming infected with TB per year?

Answer 39

10% per year

Question 40

Through 2018 worldwide, how many people were co infected with TB and HIV?

Answer 40

18 million

Question 41

Name the 4 main cancers seen in AIDS patients

Answer 41

kaposis sarcoma (only one considered an OI), non-hodgkins lymphoma, progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy, invasive cervical cancer

Question 42

what percentage range of AIDS patients develop cancer?

Answer 42

30-40%