Opioids

Question 1

which drug can be used for epidurals

Answer 1

morphine

Question 2

why do we not give morphine IV?

Answer 2

because it causes histamine release

Question 3

T/F morphine causes high emesis?

Answer 3

true

Question 4

Does morphine have a fast or long duration? Onset?

Answer 4

long duration (low lipophilicity). fast onset

Question 5

What is morphine’s receptor?

Answer 5

mu receptor, full agonist

Question 6

which drug can lead to opioid hyperthermia in cats?

Answer 6

hydromorphone/oxymorphone

Question 7

can hydromorphone/oxymorphone be given IV?

Answer 7

yes because it causes less histamine release than morphine

Question 8

Which opioid is a NMDA antagonist and inhibits serotonin and NE reuptake?

Answer 8

Metadone

Question 9

Which full agonist drugs are more potent than morphine?

Answer 9

fentanyl, carfentanil and etorphine

Question 10

Which drug can be used for transdermal patches?

Answer 10

fentanyl

Question 11

Which drug would you use to immobilize zoo animals?

Answer 11

carfentanil and etorphine

Question 12

Can any veterinarian use carfentanil and etorphine?

Answer 12

only trained ones

Question 13

Explain the potency of buprenorphine

Answer 13

because it is a partial mu agonist, it i amore potent than morphine but less efficient and does not cause as much analgesia

Question 14

Which has more negative effects: buprenorphine or morphine?

Answer 14

buprenorphine

Question 15

Is buprenorphine a good premed or post op drug?

Answer 15

post op because it has a slower onset and diffuses in and out of the brain slower (longer duration)

Question 16

buprenorphine is good for which species and why?

Answer 16

Cats.

• less negative effect
• can be given transmucosally (absorbs well in cats)
• decreases excitement/dysphoria
• less dosing (lasts 8 hours in cats)

Question 17

butorphanol is what type of agonist?

Answer 17

Mixed agonist

-less analgesia and fewer adverse effects than a full mu agonist

Question 18

T/F: butorphanol is commonly used in swine

Answer 18

False. Equine

has also been used in ruminants

Question 19

What is butorphanol used for?

Answer 19

Analgesia/sedation (mostly) but has been approved as an antitussive

Question 20

T/F: butorphanol is better for somatic pain than visceral pain

Answer 20

False. It is better for visceral pain because it has a short duration

Question 21

T/F: butorphanol can be used to reverse mu agonists effects

Answer 21

True. because it is mixed. It is mu antagonist and kappa agonist

Question 22

If you have an overdose of any full mu agonist, which emergency drug would you grab?
-Respiratory and CNS depression

Answer 22

Naloxone

-full antagonist

Question 23

How does dosing work with Naloxone?

Answer 23

It has a duration of 1-2 hours so frequent dosing may be required

Question 24

What is used to tx overdose of carfentanil and etorphine overdose?

Answer 24

Naltrexone/Diprenorphine

Question 25

Which has a longer duration: | Naloxone or Naltrexone

Answer 25

Naltrexone

Question 26

Why is methynaltrexone important even though it is used in human medicine?

Answer 26

It does NOT cross the BBB therefore is used to counter some peripheral issues associated with opioids with ought reversing analgesic effects Also Relistor (doesn't seem too important to know)

Question 27

What is hydrocodone mainly used for>

Answer 27

Antitussive in dogs

Question 28

What is special about getting hydrocodone prescriptions from human pharmacies?

Answer 28

It is formulated differently. It is made with homatropine or acetaminophen (can cause negative effects especially in cats)

Question 29

Dont confuse hydrocodone with....

Answer 29

HYDROMORPHONE

Question 30

Tramadol is mainly used for?

Answer 30

oral analgesia

Question 31

what is important about the mechanism of action for tramadol?

Answer 31

- it is a weak mu agonist - inhibits the reuptake of serotonin and NE - M1 antagonist

Question 32

Which opioid can be harmful in epileptic patients?

Answer 32

Tramadol | -it can lower the seizure threshold

Question 33

What cautions should you take with tramadol

Answer 33

patient with MAO inhibitors or SSRIs | - can lead to serotonin syndrome

Question 34

What is apomorphine most commonly used for? and why

Answer 34

emesis in canine it is mediated through th stimulation of dopamine receptors (d2-like)

Question 35

T/F: Apomorphine can NOT be given through the conjunctival sac.

Answer 35

False. Yes it sure can for transmucosal absorption