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Pharmacology I > Injectable Anesthetics > Flashcards

Injectable Anesthetics Flashcards

1
Q

what is balanced anesthesia?

A

a single dose (most often a high dose) that is a combination of muscle relaxation, unconsiousness and analgesia

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2
Q

What are the stages of anesthesia?

A
  1. Analgesia
  2. Excitement phase (common in equine and feline)
  3. surgical anesthesia (light medium and deep plane)
  4. medullary paralysis
  5. death
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3
Q

What is the anesthetic protocol?

A
  • drugs for premed
  • drugs for induction
  • drugs for maintenance
  • drugs for recovery
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4
Q

What do you want to watch for with injectable anesthetics?

A

CNS - intracranial pressure
Cardio - blood pressure, heart rate, pulse rate
Respiratory - breathing rate and dept, percentage of O2 and CO2
Skeletal muscle - degree of relaxation
Renal - GFR and renal injury
Reproductive - effect on pregnant animal

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5
Q

what is the mechanism of action for barbiturates?

A

bind to potentiate GABA

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6
Q

How are barbiturates administered?

A

Most of the time give IV slowly. Good bioavailability

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7
Q

Where do barbiturates metabolize and how are they excreted?

A

Liver and kidney respectively

-greyhounds are deficient in required enzymes

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8
Q

T/F: barbituates have protein binding

A

true

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9
Q

Which barbiturate do you only give via IV

A

thiopental

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10
Q

is thiopental short or long acting?

A

ultra short - 20 minutes

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11
Q

How are greyhounds affected by thiopental?

A

it is prolonged in them due to the enzyme deficiency

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12
Q

What does thiopental do to the CNS?

A

decreases intracranial pressure (dose dependent)

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13
Q

What does thiopental do to the respiratory system?

A

depression and transient apnea

cats are more sensitive

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14
Q

What does thiopental do to the heart?

A

It causes hypotension (can get reflex tachycardia)

arrhytmias

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15
Q

What does thiopental do to the reproductive system?

A

decreases uterine contractility and fetal respiration

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16
Q

what are the cautions of thiopental?

A 
cardiac disease
hypotension
liver disease
kidney disease
caution with pregos
high doses can lead to accumulation
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17
Q

which drug is recognized as a barbiturate induction agent?

A

methohexital - used for sighthounds.

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18
Q

is phenobarbital a controlled substance?

A

yep

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19
Q

what is phenobarb used for?

A

management of seizures

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20
Q

what does phenobarb do to the kidneys

A

it inhibits ADH which leads to PU/PD

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21
Q

what does phenobarb do to the liver?

A

it inhibits hepatic enzymes so with a high dose you can have hepatoxicity due to an increase in ALP

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22
Q

what is pentobarbital used for

A

euthanasia ONLY

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23
Q

is pentobarbital a controlled substance?

A

Nope

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24
Q

can pentobarbital be used to treat other things

A

Nope

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25
Q

what is the original formula of propofol?

A

an emulsion containing egg lecithin and soybean oil which is ideal for bacterial growth so throw it out in 24 hrs

26
Q

Does proposal have a fast or short onset?

A

fast - IV slowly

27
Q

What happens if you give propofol quickly?

A

respiratory depression, rate dependent APNEA

28
Q

what is propofol used for?

A
  • sedation
  • anesthesia
  • treatment of status epileptic
  • appetite stimulation
29
Q

T/F: Propofol can stimulate the appetite

A

True

30
Q

What does propofol do to the heart

A

HYPOTENSION

31
Q

What does Propofol do to the laryngeal reflex?

A

depresses it…theres good mm relaxation

32
Q

How is Propofol metabolized?

A

it is metabolized quickly by the liver (repeated does ok! - careful with cats)

33
Q

which drug can cause heinz body formations in cats with repeated doses for more than 5 days?

A

Propofol

34
Q

what is heinz body formation?

A

accumulation of hemoglobin in RBCs

35
Q

what are the caution for Propofol

A
  • respiratory depression and hypotension
  • give slowly
  • pain on injection
  • heinz bodies (cats)
  • forelimb stiffness
  • excitement (horses)
36
Q

T/F Propofol is a controlled substance

A

False

37
Q

T/F: Alflaxalone is a controlled substance

A

True

38
Q

what is the best way to administer alfaxalone

A

IV but IM is ok

39
Q

T/F: Alflaxalone is not a neurosteriod

A

false

40
Q

which drug is very similar to propofol

A

alfaxalone

41
Q

does alfaxalone cause analgesia

A

nope, barely

42
Q

where is alflaxalone metabolized

A

liver and excreted in the kidney

43
Q

what respiratory effect does alflaxalone have

A

rate dependent apnea just like propofol

44
Q

what is the mechanism of propofol and alflaxalone

A

they like barbiturates bind and potentiate GABA receptor binding site

45
Q

what is dissociative agents characterized by?

A

catalepsy, amnesia, and anesthesia without having complete unconsciousness

46
Q

what is the mechanism of dissociatives

A

NMDA receptor blockade

back the hell up glutamate!!!

47
Q

T/F: dissociatives can be absorbed rectal/nasal transmucosal administration

A

True

48
Q

how are dissociatives metabolized and excreted

A

liver (in dogs with glucoronidation) and kidneys (more excretion in cats) respectively

49
Q

Whats happening at the CNS with dissociatives

A

cataleptic state - no sensory perception. increases intracranial pressure

50
Q

dissociatives- heart?

A

increase CO, CVP, HR

51
Q

dissociatives- respiratory?

A

bronchodilation and increased respiratory secretions

  • low dose = stimulation
  • high dose = depression
52
Q

dissociatives- analgesia?

A

yes but short lived

53
Q

dissociatives- treatment?

A

chemical restraint, analgesia (MLK), anesthesia

54
Q

what is the standard dissociative drug used in vet med

A

ketamine

55
Q

is ketamine a controlled substance

A

YESSSSSSSSSS!!!!! Special K!

56
Q

which drug do you NOT use in tigers and rabbits

A

tiletamine/zolazepram

57
Q

T/F: canines metabolize tiletamine faster than zolazepram which can leasd to a rough recovery

A

false. vice versa

58
Q

which dissociative is cardiac friendly

A

etomidate

59
Q

what does etomidate do to the muscles

A

transient rigidity

60
Q

what is the mechanism of etomidate

A

binds and potentiates GABA

61
Q

wat cautions do you take with etomidate?

A

adrenocortical suppression

  • pain at injection site because of propylene glycol and hemolysis is possible especially in cats
  • no clients with seizures, liver, or kidney disease

Pharmacology I (6 decks)

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