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PHARM EXAM 4 AND FINAL > Opiates, antagonists, and applications > Flashcards

Opiates, antagonists, and applications Flashcards

1
Q

What are the two types of opiates?

A

Endogenous

Plant or synthetic: act at receptors for endogenous opiods

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2
Q

What are opioids?

A

Alkaloids from the exudate of seed capsules of the poppy plant

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3
Q

Define narcosis:

A

reversible CNS depression with stupor or insensibility produced by drugs

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4
Q

Define neuroleptanalgesia and what two drugs can be used to accomplish this

A

Sedation plus hypnosis

Opioid + tranquilizer

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5
Q

What are the four different receptors of opioids? Which is the most important?

A

Mu receptor**
Delta receptor
Kappa receptor
Sigma receptor

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6
Q

What effects does the Mu receptor control?

A

Analgesia and euphoria

Respiratory depression, inhibition of GI motility, and pupil effects

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7
Q

What effects does delta receptor have when activated?

A

Cardiovascular and respiratory depression

Analgesia at spinal level

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8
Q

What effects does the kappa receptor have?

A

Analgesia, primarily at spinal level
May be more beneficial for visceral pain
Sedation, dysphoria, psychomimetic effects

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9
Q

What are the effects of opiates on the CNS?

A

depression, sedation, and/or euphoria

Analgesia, may block cough, pain threshold is increased centrally

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10
Q

What are the effects of opiates on the respiratory tract?

A

Overall depression

Increases threshold for CO2, bronchoconstriction in dog

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11
Q

What are the effects of opiates on CV system?

A

vasodilation, bradycardia, drop in blood pressure

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12
Q

When would use of opiates be contraindicated?

A

Patient with hypotension

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13
Q

What are the effects of opiates on muscle?

A

Stimulation/rigidity

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14
Q

What are the effects of opiates on renal?

A

Increased ADH = increased H2O reabsorption

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15
Q

What are the effects of opiates on GI?

A

Reduced motility, secretions, and peristalsis

Increase tone of smooth muscle and may see emesis in some animals

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16
Q

What are the effects of opiates on the behavior of dogs? cats? cattle?

A

Depression in dogs and monkeys

Excitation in everything else (cats, horse, goat, sheep, pig, and cattle)

17
Q

What are the effects of opiates on thermoregulation? What species does it often raise the body temp most in?

A

Increase: CATS

Hypothermic in some: rabbits, dogs, and monkeys

18
Q

What are the ways opiates are eliminated from the body? What form is it in?

A

Glomerular filtration or bile

In the GLucuronide form (this is also the more potent form)

19
Q

Describe the different categories of DEA controlled drugs:

A

Schedule 1: no currently accepted medical use
Schedule 2: high potential for abuse. Must be ordered on special form
Schedule 3, 4, and 5: only require a DEA number

20
Q

What receptors does Apomorphine act on? What is it very good at?

A

Acts on dopamine receptors

Ecellent inducer of emesis in dogs

21
Q

T/F Apomorphine should not be used by itself for narcosis

A

TRUE; does not do this well on its own

22
Q

T/F most synthetic opiates are mu or kappa agonists making them good for analgesia

A

TRUE

23
Q

What is a benefit of Hydromorphine when compared to morphone?

A

Less nausea, emesis, or GI effects

24
Q

What are some benefits of using Buprenorphine over morphine?

A

Longer acting, less GI or respiratory effects

25
Q

What species are more susceptible to excitement from opiates?

A

Cats and horses

26
Q

What species is the half-life of opiates longer/

A

Cats; decreased biotransformation in liver

27
Q

What species is more susceptible to emesis with opiate use?

A

Dogs

28
Q

What are some uses for opiates in the veterinary setting?

A 
Pain management 
Pre-anesthetic
Neuroleptanalgesia (Short duration) 
Chemical restraint/sedation 
Emesis 
Treatment of diarrhea
29
Q

What are some situations that would would not consider using opioids?

A 
Shock (increases hypotension)
Convulsive disorders (enhances seizures)
Head injury (increases IC pressure) 
Uremia
Toxemia (Impaired excretion of urine) 
Liver failure 
Young animals (Decreased biotransformation)
Strychnine
30
Q

T/F Opioid antagonists are very fast acting

A

TRUe

31
Q

T/F Opioid antagonists can reverse hypotension in shock

A

TRUE

32
Q

Why would you not want to use opioid antagonists to reverse hypotension in shock?

A

They also block mu receptors for analgesia

33
Q

What are the most common opioid antagonists used?

A

Naloxone and naltrexone

34
Q

What is re-narcotization?

A

Major concern with potent opioids

Involves giving an antagonist that is shorter acting than the opioid agonist

PHARM EXAM 4 AND FINAL (13 decks)

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