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Clinical Neuro Exam 1 > Ophthamology: Ocular Pharm > Flashcards

Ophthamology: Ocular Pharm Flashcards

1
Q

How many mg of atropine are in 5cc of a 1% solution?

A

50mg

1% = 1 gram/ 100cc

1 gram/ 100cc x 5 grams = 0.05 grams = 50mg

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2
Q

Tetracaine

A

Topical Anesthetic (Eye Drop)

MOA: blocks sodium channels

Toxicity: corneal toxicity, never prescribe for home use (corneal melting)

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3
Q

Epinephrine

A

Glaucoma treatment

MOA: non-selective adrenergic agonist
-increases trabecular outflow from anterior chamber to decrease IOP

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4
Q

Phenylephrine

A

Treatment for glaucoma

MOA: direct-acting alpha agonist
-Mydriasis with NO EFFECT ON THE CILIARY MUSCLE

Contraindicated: INFANTS (do not use)

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5
Q

Aproclonidine

A

Treats glaucoma

MOA: alpha 2 agonist
-suppresses aqueous humor production

Adverse effects: somnolence in children (doesn’t cross BBB in adults)

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6
Q

Brimonidine

A

Treats Glaucoma

MOA: alpha 2 agonist
-suppresses aqueous humor production

Adver effects: causes sedation by binding to alpha 2 receptors in the CNS, somnolence in children

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7
Q

Timolol

A

Treats Glaucoma

MOA: blocks Beta 1 and Beta 2

  • suppresses aqueous humor production
  • NO EFFECT ON OPTIC NERVE BLOOD FLOW

Adverse Effects: may exacerbate Myasthenia Gravis

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8
Q

Betaxolol

A

Treats Glaucoma

MOA: selective Beta 1 blocker

  • decreases aqueous humor production
  • SAFE TO USE ON PATIENTS WITH LUNG DISEASE
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9
Q

Carteolol

A

Treats Glaucoma

MOA: blocks Beta 1 and Beta 2

  • suppresses aqueous humor production
  • NO EFFECT ON OPTIC NERVE BLOOD FLOW

Adverse Effects: may exacerbate Myasthenia Gravis

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10
Q

What is an intracameral injection?

A

Injection into the anterior chamber of the eye

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11
Q

Acetylcholine

A

Used during cataract suergy to induce miosis.

MOA: binds to muscarinic receptors on the iris.

Must be injected intracameral to avoid corneal cholinesterases

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12
Q

Methacholine

A

Used topically to cause miosis. Used to diagnose Adie’s Tonic Pupil

MOA: binds to muscarinic receptors on the iris

Resistant to corneal cholinesterases so it can be administered as eye drops

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13
Q

Carbachol

A

Glaucoma treatment

MOA: combo of ACh and Physostigmine (AChase inhibitor)

Causes miosis and increases trabecular flow for reabsorption of aqueous humor.

Side Effects: Accommodative spasms, conjunctival hyperemia

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14
Q

Pilocarpine

A

Used for angle closure glaucoma or to reverse pupil dilation

MOA: muscarinic agonist

Causes miosis, myopia, increases trabecular outflow, but decreases uveoscleral outflow.

Side Effects: Salivatio, Lacrimation, Sweating nausea, vomitting, diarrhea, Bronchiolar spasm/ pulmonary edema

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15
Q

Physostigmine

A

Used for anticholinergic overdose

MOA: AChase inhibitor

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16
Q

Atropine

A

Used for iritis: relaxes ciliary body
Amblyopia: alternative to patching
Hyphema
Reverses oculocardiac reflex

MOA: competitive ACh antagonist

17
Q

In what populations are carbonic anhydrase inhibitor drugs contraindicated.

A

Patients with sulfa drug allergies

Sickle Cell disease patients (causes increased sickling of RBCs)

Renal or Liver failure

Addison’s Disease

18
Q

What drug class if the 1st line for glaucoma treatment?

A

Prostaglandin Analogs

19
Q

Latanoprost

A

Glaucoma Treatment

MOA: prostaglandin analog
Increases uveoscleral outflow of aqueous humor, relaxes the ciliary muscle

Side Effects: irreversible darkening of the iris, hypertrichosis (long lashes)

20
Q

Travoprost

A

Glaucoma Treatment

MOA: prostaglandin analog
Increases uveoscleral outflow of aqueous humor, relaxes the ciliary muscle

Side Effects: irreversible darkening of the iris, hypertrichosis (long lashes)

21
Q

Bimatoprost

A

Glaucoma Treatment

MOA: prostaglandin analog
Increases uveoscleral outflow of aqueous humor, relaxes the ciliary muscle

Side Effects: irreversible darkening of the iris, hypertrichosis (long lashes)

22
Q

5 major uses of corticosteroids in ophthamology.

A
  1. Uveitis
  2. Conjunctivitis
  3. Macular Edema
  4. Corneal Edema
  5. Hyperemia
23
Q

Contraindications for using corticosteroids.

A

Herpes Simplex Infections

Fungal infections

24
Q

Side Effects of corticosteroids used in the eye.

A
  1. Delayed Healing
  2. Bacterial Proliferation
  3. Cataracts
  4. Increased IOP
25
Q

Levocabastine

A

Treats allergic conjunctivitis

MOA: H1 receptor antagonist

Contraindications: do not use with contact lens wearers

26
Q

Olopaditine

A

Treats allergic conjunctivitis

MOA: H1 receptor antagonist and Mast cell stabilizer

27
Q

Fluoroquinolones

-oxacins

A

Antiobiotic eye drops useful in contact lens wearers to cover pseudomonas infection

MOA: inhibits DNA gyrase

28
Q

Aminoglycosides

A

gentamicin, tobramycin
-used to treat mostly gram (-) eye infections

MOA: binds 30S ribosomal subunit

Side Effects: vestibular, renal, and auditory toxicity

29
Q

Macrolides

A

Erythromycin
-coverage of gram (+) eye infections, not effective against pseudomonas

MOA: binds 50S ribosomal subunit

30
Q

Most common cause of bacterial conjunctivitis.

A

Staph Aureus

usually use macrolides to treat, need fluoroquinolones if the patient wears contact lenses

31
Q

Trifluridine

A

Treats viral eye infections (HSV)

MOA: fluorine nucleoside analog

32
Q

Digitalis

A

Systemic ocular medication

Side Effects: changes visual perception, snowy white, green, yellow

33
Q

Estrogen Progesterone contraceptives

A

Systemic ocular medication

Side Effects: optic neuritis, papilledema, contact lens intolerance

34
Q

Tamsulosin

A

Systemic ocular medication

Side Effects: floppy iris syndrome

35
Q

Amiodarone

A

Systemic ocular medication

Side Effects: Vortex Keratopathy (corneal deposits in the epithelium) after 1 month.

36
Q

Hydroxychloroquine

A

Systemic ocular medication

Side Effects: drug binds to melanin causing bulls-eye maculopathy

37
Q

Topamax

A

Systemic ocular medication

Side Effects: myopia, bilateral angle closure, ciliary body swelling

38
Q

Sildenafil

A

Systemic ocular medication

Side Effects: blue haze in vision, light sensitivity, pupil sparing 3rd nerve palsy

Clinical Neuro Exam 1 (30 decks)

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