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year 5 core conditions > Ophthalmology & Skin - Level 3 > Flashcards

Ophthalmology & Skin - Level 3 Flashcards

1
Q

Definition of uveitis?

A

inflammation of uveal tract (iris, ciliary body and choroid), may also get inflamed retina, optic nerve and vitreous humour

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2
Q

Classification of uveitis?

A

o Anterior uveitis – inflammation in anterior segment of eye (iritis – anterior chamber, iridocyclitis – anterior chamber and anterior vitreous)
o Intermediate uveitis – inflammation of ciliary body, pars plana and anterior vitreous
o Posterior uveitis – inflammation of any of: choroid, retina or optic never head
o Panuveitis – inflammation of both anterior and posterior chambers

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3
Q

Time frame of uveitis?

A

Acute – sudden onset which resolves within 3 months
o Recurrent – repeated episodes for more than 3 months with periods of inactivity without treatment
o Chronic - persistent >3 months, relapse if treatment discontinued
or 90%

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4
Q

Epidemiology of uveitis?

A
  • Cause of 10% of people with visual impairment in West
  • Women
  • Anterior 90%
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5
Q

Causes of acute anterior uveitis?

A 
o	Idiopathic
o	Systemic disease:
	Ankylosing spondylitis, juvenile RA, Reiter’s syndrome, IBD
	Behcet’s disease
	Psoriasis
	MS
o	Infection – HSV, VZV, CMV, toxoplasmosis
o	Trauma
o	Neoplasm
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6
Q

Risk factors of acute anterior uveitis?

A

o Hx of uveitis

o HLA-B27 marker

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7
Q

Symptoms of acute anterior uveitis?

A 
o	Pain in one or both eyes
	Worse with ciliary contraction – reading/focussing/accommodation reflex
	Acute develops over days/hours
o	Red eye
o	Blurred vision
o	Photophobia
o	Watery eye
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8
Q

Signs of acute anterior uveitis?

A

o Visual acuity normal or reduced
o Ciliary injection
o Distorted pupil
o Photophobia

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9
Q

Management of acute anterior uveitis - urgent referral for same-day ophthalmology assessment?

A

 Acute glaucoma, corneal ulcer/foreign body, anterior uveitis, scleritis, trauma, chemical injuries, neonatal conjunctivitis, contacts lens wearer

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10
Q

Management of acute anterior uveitis - indications of serious red eye?

A

 Reduced visual acuity, deep pain, unilateral pain, contacts lens, photophobia, trauma, chemical injury, ciliary injection, fluorescein staining, unequal pupils, neonatal conjunctivitis

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11
Q

Management of acute anterior uveitis - if chemical injury?

A

 Irrigate eye with water/0.9% saline and urgent transfer for ophthalmology assessment

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12
Q

Management of acute anterior uveitis - secondary care - investigations?

A

• Bloods – FBC, ESR, ANA, HLA

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13
Q

Management of acute anterior uveitis - secondary care - non-infectious uveitis?

A

• Steroids (topically, orally, IV) - prednisolone
o Tapered slowly to avoid relapse

• Cycloplegic-mydriatic (cyclopentolate/atropine)
o Relieve pain and prevents adhesions

  • If severe – immunosuppresants (ciclosporin/tacrolimus), TNFi, laser phototherapy, cryotherapy or vitrectomy
  • Regular eye clinic follow up – slit lamp monitoring
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14
Q

Management of acute anterior uveitis - secondary care - infectious uveitis?

A
  • Antimicrobials
  • Steroids
  • Cycloplegics
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15
Q

Complications of acute anterior uveitis?

A 
o	Visual loss
o	Band keratopathy
o	Low intraocular pressure
o	Macular hole/ischaemia
o	Retinal detachment
o	Optic neuropathy/atrophy
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16
Q

Prognosis of acute anterior uveitis?

A

o Usually resolves rapidly with treatment
o May progress to chronic uveitis
o Acute anterior uveitis has best visual outcome

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17
Q

Definition of ectropion?

A
  • Eyelid turns outwards and everts

- Problems arise due to conjunctival and corneal exposure

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18
Q

Causes of ectropion?

A 
o	Involutional ectropion – age related
o	Paralytic – 7th nerve palsy
o	Cicatricial – following burns, trauma
o	Mechanism – mass displaces lid
o	Congenital
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19
Q

Symptoms of ectropion?

A
  • Asymptomatic or symptoms of:
    o Irritation and pain at front of eye
    o Watery eye
    o Redness to eye
  • If untreated:
    o Conjunctival keratinisation
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20
Q

Assessment of ectropion?

A
  • Lower lid seen coming away from globe

- Fluorescein staining and slit lamp examination

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21
Q

Management of ectropion - referral?

A

o If features of serious or life-threatening cause – same day ophthalmology assessment
 Acute glaucoma, corneal ulcer, anterior uveitis, scleritis, trauma
 Reduced visual acuity, deep pain, unilateral pain, contact lens use, photophobia, high-velocity/chemical injuries, unequal pupils

o If no features of serious cause – routine referral to ophthalmology

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22
Q

Management of ectropion - treatments?

A

o Lubricating eye ointment
o Taping lids overnight whilst waiting for surgical repair
o Surgery – ectropion repair

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23
Q

Definition of entropion?

A
  • Eyelid turns towards eye, eyelashes then rub against cornea
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24
Q

Causes of entropion?

A

o Older people
o Weakness of small muscles around eye
o Trachoma – infection in tropical countries

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25
Q

Symptoms of entropion?

A 
-	Sudden onset:
o	Irritation and pain at front of eye
o	Watery eye
o	Redness to eye
-	If untreated:
o	Corneal abrasion and ulcer
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26
Q

Management of entropion - referral?

A

o If features of serious or life-threatening cause – same day ophthalmology assessment
o If no features of serious cause – routine referral to ophthalmology

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27
Q

Management of entropion - treatment?

A

o Lubricating eye ointment
o Taping eyelid to cheek
o Injecting botulinum toxin into eyelid muscles
o Surgery – entropion repair

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28
Q

Definition of blepharitis?

A
  • Chronic inflammatory condition affecting margin of eyelids – usually bilateral
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29
Q

Categories of blepharitis?

A

o Anterior blepharitis – inflammation of base of eyelashes (anterior margin of eyelid)
 Caused by – bacteria (Staph), seborrheic dermatitis

o Posterior blepharitis – inflammation of meibomian glands (set of glands running along posterior eyelid margin, produce lipid layer of tear film)

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30
Q

Associated conditions with blepharitis?

A

o Dry eye disease
o Seborrhoeic dermatitis
o Rosacea
o Medications - isotretinoin

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31
Q

How common is blepharitis?

A
  • 5% of eye presentations in primary care

- Usually middle age

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32
Q

Symptom of blepharitis?

A 
o	Burning, itching and/or crusting of eyelids
	Symptoms worse in morning
	Both eyes affected
o	Sore, gritty eye
o	Changes to eye lashes
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33
Q

Signs of blepharitis?

A

o Anterior staphylococcal blepharitis – hyperaemia and telangectasia around lid margin, crusting on base of eyelids
o Anterior seborrheic blepharitis – erythema, hyperaemia and greasy appearance of lid margin, less inflammation
o Posterior blepharitis – Meibomian glands covered in oil, dilated or visibly obstructed

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34
Q

Management of blepharitis - general advice?

A

o Eyelid hygiene
 Wetting a cloth or cotton bud with 1:10 baby shampoo cleanser and wiping along lid margins to clear debris
• Clean twice daily, then once daily as symptoms improve
 Eye lubricants used

o Warm Compresses
 Applied 5-10 minutes
 Then gentle eyelid massage

o Avoid eye makeup when possible

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35
Q

Management of blepharitis - if general advice ineffective?

A

o For anterior blepharitis:
 Topical antibiotic (chloramphenicol) rubbed into margin

o For posterior blepharitis:
 Oral doxycycline

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36
Q

Management of blepharitis - when to refer?

A

o Same-day assessment if:
 Symptoms of corneal disease (pain, blurred vision)
 Rapid visual loss
 Cellulitis suspected

o	Routine Ophthalmology if:
	Eyelid asymmetry or deformity
	Gradual deterioration of vision
	Underlying cause – Sjogrens
	Treatment in primary care has failed
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37
Q

Prognosis of blepharitis?

A

o Chronic condition that remits and relapses

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38
Q

Complications of blepharitis?

A

o Meibomian cyst
o External stye
o Changes to eyelashes – loss, misdirection, depigmentation
o Contact lens intolerance

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39
Q

Definition of episcleritis?

A
  • Inflammation of superficial, episcleral layer of eye

- Common, benign and self-limiting

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40
Q

Anatomy of sclera?

A

o Blood vessels of episclera not usually seen in non-inflamed eye

o Three plexuses:
 Bulbar conjunctival – superficial, fine vessels overlying and freely moveable over episcleral. If inflamed, bright red
 Episcleral plexus – straight, radially arranged vessels in superficial episcleral, slightly moveable. Inflamed – salmon pink colour
 Deep episcleral plexus – closely applied criss-cross vessels to sclera. Inflamed – bluish-red and immobile

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41
Q

Types of episcleritis?

A

o Simple – vascular congestion on even surface

o Nodular – discrete elevation of inflamed sclera

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42
Q

Epidemiology of episcleritis?

A
  • Usually no cause
  • Women 70%
  • Bilateral 30%
  • Can be recurrent, typically every few months
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43
Q

Symptoms of episcleritis?

A

o Mild tenderness, localised eye pain
 Acute-onset
 Focal, cone-shaped wedge (thin end towards pupil)
o Redness of eye – extends radially
o Grittiness
o Bilateral in 30%
o Rarely, associated diseases – IBD, hyperuricaemia, RA, SLE, granulomatosis, infections, foreign body

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44
Q

Signs of episcleritis?

A

o Segmental redness – episcleral vessels mobile

o Normal visual acuity, pupil reactions and no corneal staining

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45
Q

Investigations of episcleritis?

A
  • Clinical diagnosis

- If suspicion then refer

46
Q

Management of red eye in GP - when to urgently refer for same-day eye clinic?

A

 Acute glaucoma, corneal ulcer/foreign body, anterior uveitis, scleritis, trauma, chemical injuries, neonatal conjunctivitis, contacts lens wearer

47
Q

Management of red eye in GP - indications of serious red eye disease?

A

 Reduced visual acuity, deep pain, unilateral pain, contacts lens, photophobia, trauma, chemical injury, ciliary injection, fluorescein staining, unequal pupils, neonatal conjunctivitis

48
Q

Management of episcleritis?

A

o Usually self-limiting – lasts for 7-10 days
o PRN topical or systemic analgesia (NSAIDs)
o Lubricating eye drops
o Follow up – 1 week

49
Q

Management of recurrent or severe episcleritis?

A

 Topical steroids if severe

50
Q

Definition of scleritis?

A
  • Vasculitis of entire thickness of sclera

- Generalised inflammation with oedema of conjunctiva and scleral thinning

51
Q

Classification of scleritis?

A
  • Anterior (98%)
    o Diffuse – most common, widespread inflammation of anterior sclera. Mild and tends to resolve
    o Nodular – erythematous, tender, fixed nodules in sclera. May progress
    o Necrotising – extreme pain and scleral damage
  • Posterior (2%)
    o Back of eye, difficult to diagnose
52
Q

Epidemiology of scleritis?

A
  • Women
  • Older age
  • Associated with RA, granulomatosis, SLE, IBD
53
Q

Symptoms of scleritis? What disease is scleritis commonly associated with?

A 
o	Severe, deep, boring eye pain
	Gradual Onset
	Radiates to forehead, brow and jaw
	Wakes patient up from sleep
o	Red eye, watering
o	50% bilateral
o	Commonly, associated with systemic disease
	RA, granulomatosis, SLE, ankylosing spondylitis, gout, syphilis, Churg-Strauss syndrome, infections
54
Q

Signs of scleritis?

A

o Reduced visual acuity
o Painful ocular movements
o Diplopia (posterior disease)
o Abnormal pupil reactions

55
Q

Detection of underlying cause in eye clinic of scleritis?

A 
o	Bloods
	FBC, CRP, ESR
	RF, Anti-CCP
	Syphilis screen
	ANCA
o	Urine dipstick
o	Imaging
56
Q

Management of scleritis - diffuse and nodular?

A

o Refer to ophthalmology

o	Diffuse and nodular
	Oral NSAIDs
	Oral high-dose prednisolone
	Immunosuppression if steroids not effective – methotrexate, azathioprine, cyclophosphamide
	Biologics – infliximab, adalimumab
57
Q

Management of scleritis - necrotising?

A

 Oral steroids (prednisolone)
 Immunosuppression if steroids not effective – methotrexate, azathioprine, etc
 Biologics – infliximab, adalimumab

58
Q

Complications of scleritis?

A
  • Globe perforation
  • Scleral thinning
  • Ischaemia of globe
  • Raised intra-ocular pressure
  • Retinal detachment
  • Uveitis
  • Cataracts
  • Globe Atrophy
59
Q

Definition of squint?

A
  • A squint (strabismus) is a misalignment of the visual axes. That is, both eyes are not directed at an object at the same time
60
Q

Definition of pseudosquint?

A
  • A pseudo squint is the impression of misaligned eyes when no squint is present. For example, prominent epicanthic fold
61
Q

Aetiology of squint?

A

o Idiopathic
o Refractive error
o Visual loss
 Retinoblastoma, cataract, ocular movements, optic neuropathy
o Cerebral palsy
o Abnormal extra-ocular muscles of innervation
o Cranial III, IV, VI palsies

62
Q

Risk factors of squint?

A 
o	Low birth weight
o	Prematurity
o	Smoking
o	Anisometropia, hypermetropia
o	FHx
63
Q

What is manifest squint?

A

o A manifest squint (a ‘tropia’)
 A squint present when eyes are open and being used so that when one eye views the object of interest, the other eye is deviated
 This may be constant, or intermittent when the squint is present only some of the time

64
Q

What is latent squint?

A

o A latent squint (a ‘phoria’)
 A squint that is present only when the use of the two eyes together is interrupted (‘dissociated’)
 For example, by covering one eye

65
Q

Description of direction of squints?

A

o Horizontal deviation
 Esotropia or esophoria (convergent squint), or exotropia or exophoria (divergent squint).
o Vertical deviation
 Hypertropia (upward squint) or hypotropia (downward squint)
o Combined

66
Q

Description of squints in relation to eye position?

A 
o	Comitant (concomitant) squint
	Degree of deviation does not vary with the direction of gaze
	This is typical of most childhood squints
	This equates to no paralysis or limitation of eye movements but the balance between the muscles in the two eyes has been lost.
o	Incomitant (non-comitant) squint
	The degree of deviation varies with the direction of gaze
	This may indicate an acquired neurological or muscular disease-causing paresis or paralysis of one or more of the extra-ocular muscles resulting in limitation of eye movements
67
Q

Description of squints in relationship to accomodation?

A

o Accommodative
 A squint that occurs, or is more obvious, when the child is accommodating and focusing on an object
 The child is typically hypermetropic (long-sighted) and the squint can be reduced or corrected if the refractive error is corrected with glasses

o Non-accommodative
 A squint where either there is no significant hypermetropia, or if hypermetroia is present there is no change in the angle of the squint with appropriate glasses.

68
Q

Assessment of squints?

A
  • General inspection
    o Look for any asymmetry in eye position and ocular abnormalities
  • Corneal light reflex
    o Pen-torch held at 30cm, light reflection should appear in same position in two pupils
    o If not, a squint is present
  • Red reflex test
    o Using ophthalmoscope, visualise red reflex from 30cm and should be identical in shape, size and colour
  • Cover Test
    o Ask child to fix on object, cover the good eye and watch squinting eye fix
    o Done at 33cm and 6m
    o As the cover is introduced over one eye, watch the uncovered eye for any movement. Then repeat, covering the other eye. In a manifest squint when the straight eye is covered, the squinting eye will have to move to align with the fixation objection
    o If no manifest squint is found then proceed to look for a latent squint.
  • Uncover Test/Alternate Cover Test
    o As the child fixes on the toy, cover one eye for about three seconds, then remove the cover and watch for any movement of the eye that has just been uncovered
    o Repeat, covering the other eye. In latent squint the eye will drift under the cover, on removing the cover the eye will straighten to regain binocular vision, and the examiner will see this movement
  • Cranial Nerve Exam
    o Ocular movements
    o Check visual acuity
    o Fundoscopy
69
Q

Management of any child with squint?

A
  • Refer any child with a suspected or confirmed squint to the local paediatric eye service
  • Must refer:
    o Divergent
    o Paralytic
    o Persistent beyond age of 2mths
  • The earlier treatment for a squint can be initiated, the better the outcome to prevent amblyopia
70
Q

Management options in squint?

A 
o	Corrective Glasses
o	Occlusion of normal eye 
	With patch or occlusive glasses
	Penalisation alternative where normal eye blurred by atropine drops
o	Eye exercises
o	Surgery
	Altering point of insertion of an extra-ocular muscle into sclera, or by shortening an extra-ocular muscle
o	Botulinum Toxin
71
Q

Definition of actinic (solar) keratosis?

A
  • Pre-malignant crumbly white/yellow scaly crusts on sun-exposed skin
  • From dysplastic intra-epidermal proliferation of atypical keratinocytes
  • Progression to SCC <1 in 1000/year
72
Q

Epidemiology of actinic (solar) keratosis?

A
  • Prevalence increases with age
73
Q

Risk factors of actinic (solar) keratosis?

A 
o	Elderly
o	Fair-skinned
o	Blue eyed
o	Ginger/Blonde hair
o	Burn easily
74
Q

Symptoms and signs of actinic (solar) keratosis?

A
  • Background of sun damaged skin
  • Erythematous, scaly plaques on sun-exposed area
    o Common – forearms, backs of hands, face, ears, scalp and lower legs
    o Rough to touch
  • Asymptomatic, sore or itchy
75
Q

Diagnosis of actinic (solar) keratosis?

A
  • Clinical diagnosis

- Biopsy if uncertain

76
Q

Management of actinic (solar) keratosis - when to refer?

A
  • Refer from GP to GPwSI or consultant dermatologist
    o Diagnostic uncertainty
    o More widespread/severe actinic damage
    o If suspicious – 2 week wait
77
Q

Management of actinic (solar) keratosis - general advice?

A

o Protect skin from further skin damage (sun hats, long sleeves, sunscreen >SPF 30)
o Some resolve spontaneously
o Moisturisers useful

78
Q

Management of actinic (solar) keratosis - treatments?

A

o Cryotherapy
o Creams – 5-FU, imiquimod or Ingenol gel
o Surgical removal
o Photodynamic therapy

79
Q

Description of keloid scar?

A
  • Irregular hypertrophy of vascularised collagen (type 3) forming raised edges at sites of previous scars that extend outside scar
  • Does not regress and recurs after excision
80
Q

Epidemiology of keloid scar?

A
  • Common in dark skin – African-Americans, Hispanic, Chinese
  • Peak age 20-30 years
  • More likely in burns, acne and infected wounds
81
Q

Causes of keloid scar?

A
  • Cause unknown

- 50% have positive FHx

82
Q

Symptoms and scar of keloid scar?

A
  • Commonly, sternum, shoulder, earlobe and cheek
  • Scar
    o Grown beyond original line
    o Red at early stages, then becomes brown or pale with age
    o No hair follicles or sweat glands
    o May be tender, painful or itch
  • History of scar, trauma or surgery
83
Q

Diagnosis of keloid scar?

A
  • Clinical diagnosis
  • If uncertain then biopsy can be taken

Differential
o Hypertrophic scars – red and prominent but do not extend beyond wound border

84
Q

Management of keloid scar?

A

Difficult to treat

Intralesional steroid injection
o Triamcinolone
o Every 2-6 weeks until improvement
o Steroid tape and creams are options

Occlusive dressings with silicone

Surgery
o Has high recurrence rates and scar can be larger than before
o Radiotherapy can be given after to reduce chance of recurrence

Cryotherapy and laser treatment possible

85
Q

Prevention of keloid scar?

A

o Avoid piercings, tattoos and unnecessary incisions if family history
o Treat acne thoroughly

86
Q

Definiton of ganglion?

A
  • Smooth, multilocular swellings containing jelly-like fluid in communication with joint capsules or tendon sheaths
  • Can fluctuate in size
  • Fluid inside is thicker synovial fluid
87
Q

Epidemiology of ganglion?

A
  • Commonest cause of lump on hand or wrist
  • More common in women
  • Young to middle-aged adults
88
Q

Symptoms and signs of ganglion?

A
  • Found throughout arms and legs
    o Commonly back or front of wrist, by nails of fingers or palm of the finger or top of foot
  • Often asymptomatic
  • Present as visible lump under the skin
    o Smooth, round
    o Sore, painful to touch
    o Compress a nerve – weakness, pain, limitation of movement
89
Q

Diagnosis of ganglion?

A
  • Usually clinical diagnosis

- Can perform USS or MRI if needed

90
Q

Management of ganglion - observation?

A

o Treatment not needed unless causing pain, affecting daily life or pressure (e.g. on nerves)
o May disappear spontaneously

91
Q

Management of ganglion - aspiration?

A

o With needle and syringe
o Removes fluid from cyst
o Does not remove the sac or stem of ganglion and often fluid returns

92
Q

Management of ganglion - surgical management?

A
  • Surgical dissection – least recurrence
93
Q

Description of salmon patch?

A

 Flat red or pink patches that can appear on a baby’s eyelids, neck or forehead at birth
 They’re the most common type of vascular birthmark and occur in around half of all babies
 Most salmon patches will fade completely within a few months, but if they occur on the forehead they may take years
 Often more noticeable when a baby cries because they fill with blood and become darker

94
Q

Description of Port-Wine Stain?

A

 Deep pink or red patch present at birth and grows as the child grows
 May darken to purple, is flat; the overlying skin is normal. Later in life more papular lesions can occur within the patch
 Present for life and has no tendency toward involution
 Usually unilateral with a clear demarcation at the midline
 If Sturge-Weber syndrome is suspected, MRI scan of the brain is required
 Optical coherence tomography
 Regular ophthalmic checks to exclude glaucoma should be carried out in the first three years of life
 Refer as young as possible, usually around 1 year old, to a centre which has the laser and anaesthetic facilities
 Tunable pulsed dye laser (PDL)
 Surgical excision with or without cosmetic reconstruction may be required for lesions resistant to laser therapy

95
Q

Description of angioma?

A

benign tumour formed by the dilation of blood vessels or the formation of new ones by the proliferation of endothelial cells

96
Q

Description of infantile proliferative haemangioma?

A

Proliferates in the first few weeks of life, followed by involution later in childhood
o Red to purple papules or plaques with a normal epithelial surface
o Compression leads to partial emptying and the colour becomes less prominent
o Haemangiomas are common, particularly in girls, and affect around 5% of babies soon after birth
o If they get bigger rapidly, or those that interfere with vision or feeding may need treatment

97
Q

Description of cherry angioma?

A

adult onset, common degenerative lesions, usually multiple

98
Q

Description of angiokeratoma?

A

acquired scaly angiomas, usually on vulva or scrotum, or in association with Fabry disease

99
Q

Description of telangiectasia?

A
  • Prominent cutaneous blood vessels can be physiological or pathological.
    • Blood vessels feeding a tumour such as basal cell carcinoma
    • A common sign of rosacea
100
Q

Description of spider telangiectasia?

A

consists of central arteriole and radiating capillaries. Very common in healthy individuals, but more arise in response to oestrogen, often in pregnancy, liver disease

101
Q

Description of angiosarcoma?

A

idiopathic or secondary to chronic lymphoedema or radiation. Often aggressive, it mostly presents in elderly people with spreading purple patches and plaques that may bleed and ulcerate.

102
Q

Definition of Kaposi’s Sarcoma?

A
  • Spindle-cell tumour, derived from capillary endothelial cells or from fibrous tissue - caused by HHV-8
103
Q

Risk factors of Kaposi’s Sarcoma?

A

o Men
o MSM
o Immune deficient – HIV, transplant

104
Q

Cause of Kaposi’s Sarcoma?

A

human herpes virus (HHV-8)

105
Q

Types of Kaposi’s Sarcoma?

A

o Classic KS (on legs)
o Endemic KS (African)
o KS in immunosuppression (e.g. organ transplant patients)
o AIDS-related KS (often multi-organ)

106
Q

Symptoms and signs of Kaposi’s Sarcoma?

A
  • Purple papules (0.5-1cm) or plaques on skin and mucosa
    o Most commonly located in mouth, nose and throat
  • Bleeding, inflamed lesions can occur
  • Metastasizes to nodes
107
Q

Organs involved in Kaposi’s Sarcoma?

A

o N&V, difficulty swallowing, abdominal pain – GI involvement
o Cough, SOB and chest pain – lung involvement

108
Q

Investigations of Kaposi’s Sarcoma?

A
  • Biopsy
    o Spindle cells
    o Highly vascular
  • Latency-associated nuclear antigen (LANA) confirms diagnosis
109
Q

Management of Kaposi’s Sarcoma - if HIV positive?

A

o Not curable
o Optimize HAART
o Radiotherapy for palliative symptom control

110
Q

Management of Kaposi’s Sarcoma - local and systemic treatment?

A
  • Local treatment
    o Intralesional chemotherapy, cryotherapy, laser and photodynamic therapy
    o Excision
  • Systemic Treatment
    o Interferon-Alpha or chemotherapy

year 5 core conditions (55 decks)

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