ophthalmology I Flashcards
bones of the orbital rim
maxillary, zygomatic, frontal bones
bones of internal orbit
sphenoid, ethmoid, lacrimal, palatine
muslces of orbit
superior rectus, lateral rectus, medial rectus, inferior rectus, superior oblique, inferior oblique, levator palpebrae
Nerves passing through superior orbital fissure
lacrimal (branch of ophthalmic division of trigeminal), frontal (branch of ophthalmic division of trigeminal), abducens, oculomotor, trochlear, and nasociliary (branch of ophthalmic division of trigeminal)
orbit blood vessels
ophthalmic artery (internal carotid artery), central retinal artery, infraorbital artery (maxillary- ECA), facial artery, ophthalmic vein
where is lacrimal gland
superior and lateral part of orbit
What happens with orbital fractures in kids vs adults
buckle: roof fracture in kids. Blow out: floor fracture in adults
orbital floor fractures- symptoms
enophthalmos (posterior displacement of eye ball), hypoglobus (downward displacement of eye in orbit)
What is thyroid eye disease
Autoimmune dz - target is the orbital fibroblast. Associated with autoimmune thyroid dz (most commonly graves). Dysthyroidism is not the cuase
Mechanism of thyroid eye disease
Orbital fibroblasts express TSH-R and ILGF-R. Auto-antibodies stimulate orbital fibroblast to produce pro-inflammaotyr cytokines and recruit inflammatory cells into orbital soft tissue. Leads to production of hyaluronan, lymphocytic infiltration, GAG production and orbital fibroblast proliferation causes external ocular muscle hypertrophy
How is thyroid eye disease treated
orbital decompression
components of lacrimal duct/drain
punctum > lacrimal canaliculi > lacrimal sac drains into lacrimal duct
symptoms of chronic nasolacrimal duct obstruction
epiphora (overflow of tears), chronic dacryocystitis (inflammation of lacrimal sac)
treatment of nasolacrimal obstruction
dacryocystorhinostomy- bypass obstruction to allow tears to drain
