cortical lesions

Question 1

compare cortex of temporal lobe to the rest of the brain

Answer 1

The six-layered neocortex makes up most of the cortical surface, but the hippocampus in the temporal lobe is comprised of phylogenetically older three-layered allocortex

Question 2

Functions of frontal lobe

Answer 2

Voluntary movement, Language fluency (left), Motor prosody (right), Comportment , Executive function , Motivation

Question 3

functions of parietal lobe

Answer 3

Tactile sensation, Visuospatial function (right), Attention (right), Reading (left), Writing (left), Calculation (left)

Question 4

functions of temporal lobe

Answer 4

Language comprehension (left), Sensory prosody (right), Memory (hippocampus) , Emotion
Language comprehension (left), Sensory prosody (right), Memory (hippocampus) , Emotion

Question 5

functions of occipital lobe

Answer 5

Vision, Visual perception, Visual recognition

Question 6

diffuse vs focal cortical lesions

Answer 6

diffuse: Alzheimers and hypoxic injury. Focal: vascular disease (stroke), traumatic brain injury (contusion, hemorrhage), and neoplasia (brain tumor).

Question 7

Cognitive disfunctions from stroke

Answer 7

from aphasia, amnesia, visuospatial impairment, hemineglect, agnosia, and a host of related syndromes

Question 8

What kind of lesions are seen with tramatic brain injury

Answer 8

Along with the diffuse effects of brain injury, known as diffuse axonal injury that occurs in the white matter, a wide range of focal cortical lesions are seen. Contusions are common in frontal/temporal lobes

Question 9

What kind of lesions are seen with brain tumors

Answer 9

Often present with focal cognitive dysfunction. Benign tuors do not invade brain, while malignant tumors cause infiltration.

Question 10

What does damage to Broca’s area result in?

Answer 10

Damage to brocas area in the left frontal lobe causes Aphasia.

Question 11

What is motor aprosody

Answer 11

Lesions to the right frontal lobe (in the same region as where Broca’s area is on the left)- causes an inability to inflect speech with emotion

Question 12

What are the three frontal lobe syndromes

Answer 12

disinhibition from orbitofrontal lesions, executive dysfunction from dorsolateral prefrontal lesions, and apathy from medial frontal lesions. These syndromes are all more florid and persistent with bilateral lesions.

Question 13

What is disinhibition

Answer 13

Disinhibition is a disorder of comportment, whereby a person can no longer adequately integrate limbic drives into an appropriate behavioral repertoire. Irritability, loss of empathy, impulsivity, hypersexuality, hyperphagia, and even violence can be sequelae.

Question 14

What does executive dysfunction look like

Answer 14

Defects in the capacity to plan, carry out, and monitor a sequential goal-directed action.

Question 15

What is apathy

Answer 15

loss of motivation, and more severe forms are known as abulia and akinetic mutism. In these cases, an erosion of initiative may be so dramatic that it seems the individual’s will has been diminished.

Question 16

Damage to Wernickes area causes what?

Answer 16

Wernicke’s aphasia, in which auditory comprehension is impaired because of a lesion in the posterior region of the left superior temporal gyrus

Question 17

What is sensory aprosody and what causes it

Answer 17

Diminished ability to comprehend emotional inflection of speech. Due to a lesion in the right hemisphere analogue of Wernickes area (superior temporal gyrus)

Question 18

Where is the hippocampus and what is its function

Answer 18

tempral lobe- functions in new learning. Damage to this area causes amnesia (new learning deficity)

Question 19

Limbic system- location and function

Answer 19

Located in temporal lobe and diencephalon- functions in emotion

Question 20

temporal lobe epilepsy symptoms

Answer 20

deepened emotion, hypergraphia, personality alterations, due to changes in temporal lobe/limbic system

Question 21

What is hemineglect

Answer 21

failure to report, respond to, or orient to sensory stimuli that cannot be explained by primary sensory dysfunction. Occurs after damage to parietal lobe. Rigth parietal hemineglect can cause inattention to left side of body or extrapersonal space. Left parietal hemineglect causes a disabling disorder of cognition

Question 22

compare the right vs left pareital lobes capacity to attend to space

Answer 22

lThe right hemisphere has the capacity to attend to both sides of space, whereas the left can only attend to the contralateral space

Question 23

What are the occipitotemporal and occipitoparietal cortices functions

Answer 23

the occipitotemporal is the “ventral stream” or “what” system. occipitoparietal is the “dorsal stream” or “where” system

Question 24

Visual agnosia vs visual field defect

Answer 24

Visual agnosia is a recognition deficit due to damage to the ventral or dorsal stream. Can include object agnosia (left occipitotemporal lesions), face agnosia (right occipitotemporal lesion). Visual field deficits produce an absence of vision, while visual agnosia means visual image is seen but not recognized

Question 25

What is cerebral disconnection

Answer 25

Lesions disconnect one part of brain from another

Question 26

Example of linguistic disconnection

Answer 26

conduction aphasia

Question 27

What is alexia

Answer 27

stroke damages left occipital lobe and splenium of corpus callosum. This disconnects the visual system from language system, so person can write but not read.