Ophthalmology (fundoscopy) Flashcards
Describe what you see. What would you do next?
Bilateral facial wasting with hollow cheeks
Ptosis
Frontal baldness
Left exotropia
Shake his hand
What is the pathology?
Stellate posterior cortical cataract
Describe what you see. What would you like to do next?
Multiple skin lesions
Size - a few mm to several cm
Colour - pink to skin coloured
Shape - dome-shaped (may be pedunculated)
Enquire about a family history then full body
examination for other skin lesions + slit lamp examination
What is the pathology?
Lisch nodules
What is the pathology?
Optic glioma
Describe what you see? What would you do next?
Peri-orbital swelling
Prominent eyes (proptosis + lid retraction)
Staring/frightened appearance of eyes
(Kocher sign) on focusing
Conjunctival injection
Enquire about tremor, heat intolerance +
examine thyroid & pulse
Describe what you see. What would you do next?
Bilateral lilac eyelid discolouration
Swelling of eyelids and peri orbital skin
Examine hands
Describe what you see. What would you do next?
Arachnodactyly
Wrist: little finger and the thumb overlap
Thumb: entire distal phalanx is visible beyond the ulnar border of the hand
Examine his chest, eye, hard palate
What is the pathology?
Scleromalacia perforans
What is the pathology?
Peripheral ulcerative keratitis
What is the pathology?
Granulomatous anterior uveitis
What is the pathology?
Posterior synechiae
What is the pathology?
Posterior uveitis
What is the pathology?
Vortex keratopathy
What is the pathology?
Bulls eye maculopathy
What is the pathology?
Symblepharon
What is the pathology?
Herpetic keratitis (dendritic ulcer)
What is the pathology?
Adenoviral keratitis
What is the pathology?
Preseptal cellulitis
What is the pathology?
Orbital cellulitis
What is the pathology?
Endophthalmitis
What is the pathology?
Branch retinal artery occlusion
What is the pathology?
Central retinal artery occlusion
What is the pathology?
Retinal vein occlusion
What is the pathology?
Vitreous Haemorrhage
What is the pathology?
Pathologic Myopia
What is the pathology?
Rhegmatogenous retinal detachment
What is the pathology?
Non-rhegmatogenous retinal detachment
What is the pathology?
Posterior Vitreous Detachment
What is the pathology?
Epiretinal Membrane
What is the pathology?
Macular Hole
What is the pathology?
Chorioretinitis
What is the pathology?
Ischaemic Optic Neuropathy
What is the pathology?
Papilloedema
What is the pathology?
Glaucoma
What is the pathology?
Wet ARMD
What is the pathology?
Dry ARMD
What is the pathology?
Uveitis
What is the pathology?
Blepharitis
What is the pathology?
Episcleritis
What is the pathology?
Allergic conjunctivitis (conjunctiva looks like it would flow over the lids)
What is the pathology?
Bacterial conjunctivitis
What is the pathology?
Viral conjunctivitis
What is the pathology?
Scleritis
What is the pathology?
Central Serous Chorioretinopathy
What is the pathology?
’Christmas Tree’ (Polychromatic)
Using terms such as disc, vessels, fundus background and macula - what is seen on a normal fundoscopy?
Disc
Margins are sharp
Colour: orange-pink donut with a pale centre (devoid of retinal tissue)
Shape: round or oval
Cup-to-disc ratio of less than 0.5 (0.2)
Vessels
Vessels emerge from nasal side of disc
AV crossing: no nicking
No arterial light reflex
Fundus background
No exudates or hemorrhages
Colour: red to purplish
Macula
Macula is located 2.5 disc diameters temporal to disc
No vessels are noted around Macula
What is the pathology?
Central retinal artery occlusion
What is the pathology?
Central retinal vein occlusion
What is the pathology?
Branch retinal vein occlusion
What is the pathology?
Retinal detachment
What is the pathology?
Vitreous haemorrage
What is the pathology?
PVD - Weiss ring
What is the pathology?
Dry ARMD
What is the pathology?
Wet ARMD (subretinal haemorrhage)
What is the pathology?
Pre-proliferative retinopathy (cotton wool spots, hard exudates and dot blot haemorrhages)
What is the pathology?
Proliferative retinopathy (widespread neovascularization)
