Renal (urinalysis) Flashcards
Sweet odour
DKA/glycosuria
Pungent odour
Infection
What does specific gravity indicate?
Amount of solute dissolved in urine
Increased specific gravity = ?
Dehydration
SIADH
HR/Renal artery stenosis
Proteinuria
Decreased specific gravity = ?
DI
Renal impairment
Psychogenic polydipsia
Alkaline pH = ?
Systemic: Alkalosis, vegetarian/low carb diet
Local: UTI, renal tubular acidosis
Acidic pH = ?
Systemic: acidosis, diarrhoea, starvation
Acidosis: High protein diet, cranberry
Causes of haematuria?
ONNIT
Obstruction (calculi)
Neoplasm (TCC/RCC)
Nephritic syndrome (glomerulonephritis)
Inflammation (UTI)
Trauma
Causes of haemoglobinuria?
Intravascular haemolysis (sickle cell)
Causes of myoglobinuria?
Rhabdomyolysis
Causes of proteinuria?
Decreased renal reabsorption: Nephrotic syndrome, glomerulonephritis, interstitial nephritis
Increased serum protein: myeloma
Local infection: UTI
Causes of leukocyte esterase?
UTI
Causes of nitrates?
Gram negative UTI
Causes of glucose?
Hyperglycaemia: DM, Cushing’s, acromegaly
Renal glycosuria: Pregnancy, renal tubular disease, SGLT-2 inhibitors
Causes of ketones?
Starvation/low card diet
Diabetes/DKA
Alcoholism
Pregnancy
Hyperthyroidism