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Delta Formative Learning > Ophthalmology Formative > Flashcards

Ophthalmology Formative Flashcards

1
Q

Lateral rectus = what cranial nerve?

A

CN VI - abducens nerve

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2
Q

Lateral rectus = what eye movement?

A

Abduction (i.e. moves it laterally)

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3
Q

Lateral rectus = What cranial nerve + what eye movement?

A

CN VI - ABDucens
ABDuction
(i.e. moves it laterally)

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4
Q

Medial rectus = what cranial nerve + what eye movement?

A

CN III (oculomotor nerve)
Adduction (i.e. moves it medially)

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5
Q

Superior oblique eye movement?

A

Pushes the eye DOWN and OUT

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6
Q

Inferior oblique eye movement?

A

Pushes the eye UP and OUT

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7
Q

Which eye is this?

A

Right eye

The optic disc is present on the nasal side of the retina; therefore, this is the right eye. Simply – disc on the right = right eye.

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8
Q

What is the test for an RAPD (Relative Afferent Pupillary Defect) ?

A

‘Swinging light test’

Rapid changes of light stimulation from one eye to the other and both pupils should stay equally constricted.

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9
Q

When performing the ‘swinging light test’, which sign shows a RAPD is present?

A

Dilation of the affected pupil (it should normally constrict)

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10
Q

Label:

A
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11
Q

Label:

A
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12
Q

The oculomotor motor (CN III) nerve supplies which muscles of the eye?

A

inferior rectus, medial rectus, inferior oblique

**The innervation of the muscles of the eye can be remembered by:
LR6, SO4.
(lateral rectus is supplied by CN VI, superior oblique by CN IV)
!!! All others are supplied by CN III !!!
(i.e. superior rectus, inferior rectus, medial rectus and inferior oblique).

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13
Q

Superior oblique nerve supply?

A

CN IV (Trochlear nerve)

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14
Q

Inferior oblique nerve supply?

A

CN III

Remember LR6, SO4.
All other eye muscles are CN III.

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15
Q

Child suspected of having pre-septal cellulitis.
What other condition must be ruled out?

A

Orbital cellulitis.

Causes pain on eye movement or proptosis (eye bulging)

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16
Q

Cotton wool spots =

A

Commonly due to diabetes !

Areas of nerve layer infraction due to hypoxic conditions in the retina and is the result of axonal debris build up

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17
Q

Rubeosis iridis =

A

Rare complication of severely uncontrolled diabetes

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18
Q

Cherry red spots =

A

Retinal artery occlusion

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19
Q

Copper wiring =

A

Hypertensive retinopathy

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20
Q

Inner, lower vision has worsened.
Where is the retinal detachment?

A

Superior temporal retinal detachment

(opposites)

21
Q

Risk factors for retinal detachment

A

Ageing — over age 50

Previous retinal detachment

Family history of retinal detachment

Extreme shortsightedness (myopia)

Previous eye surgery

Previous severe eye injury

Previous other eye disease or disorder e.g. retinoschisis, uveitis or retinal degeneration

22
Q

Absent red reflex and a dense opacification of the lens

A

Cataract

23
Q

Treatment for cataracts in both eyes, right eye is worse

A

Phacoemulsification and insertion of an intra-ocular lens in the right eye.
Left eye to be done at another time.

24
Q

Treatment for cataract

A

Phacoemulsification and insertion of an intra-ocular lens

25
Q

Pathology affecting the TEMPORAL lobe = what kind of visual pathway defect?

A

Contralateral homonymous SUPERIOR quadrantinopia

26
Q

Pathology affecting the PARIETAL lobe = what kind of visual pathway defect?

A

Contralateral homonymous INFERIOR quadrantinopia

27
Q

Bacterial conjunctivitis treatment =

A

Topical chloramphenicol

28
Q

Viral conjunctivitis treatment =

A

Conservative management

29
Q

Chlamydial conjunctivitis treatment = topical or systemic?

A

Both

30
Q

Investigation to distinguish between wet and dry AMRD?

A

OCT (Optical coherence tomography)

31
Q

Inflammation of the lid margins which may involve the lashes and lash follicles =

A

Blepharitis

32
Q

Extended use of contact lenses could cause …

A

Infectious keratitis

33
Q

What condition?

A

Hypertensive retinopathy

34
Q

Fixed mid dilated pupil + eyelid is manually elevated due to ptosis.
Which nerve palsy?

A

CN III
supplies levator palpebrae superioris + pupil constriction.

35
Q

Which nerve palsy?
(down and out appearance)

A

CN III

36
Q

What happens when rod and cone cells are exposed to light?

A

Rhodopsin is converted into opsin and trans-retinal
therefore
sodium channels CLOSE + the membrane is HYPERPOLARISED
therefore
NO neurotransmitter being released into the synapse

An action potential is then generated in the ganglion cells which is propagated to the brain.

37
Q

Acute demyelination of the optic nerve + loss of colour vision (unilateral) = what condition?

A

Optic neuritis

38
Q

What condition is optic neuritis strongly associated with?

A

Multiple sclerosis

39
Q

What is happening here?

A

Swelling of the optic disc

40
Q

What is shown here?

A

Synechiae

(Adhesions between the pupil and iris that can lead to a small/irregular pupil)

41
Q

What is shown here?

A

Hypopyon

(The accumulation of leukocytes in the anterior chamber due to severe intraocular inflammation)

42
Q

A fluorescein dye has been applied, showing what?

A

A dendritic ulcer.

(cornea is inflamed by infection with herpes simplex virus or herpes zoster virus.
Lesions follow branching lines, along which tiny blisters may form and break, leaving raw areas.)

43
Q
  1. Corneal reflections = asymmetrical
  2. Uncovered eye moves OUT to take up fixation
A

Manifest convergent squint

44
Q
  1. Corneal reflections = symmetrical
  2. Uncovered eye moves IN to take up fixation
A

Latent divergent squint

45
Q

Mechanical closure of the aqueous drainage angle = what condition?

A

Acute angle closure glaucoma

  • Emergency
  • Most commonly due to pupillary block
46
Q

Higher intraocular pressure resulting in reduced blood flow to the optic head and subsequent nerve loss = what condition?

A

Chronic angle closure glaucoma

47
Q

Most dangerous trauma to the eye = ?

A

Alkali burn

  • causes a disruptive liquefactive necrosis with breakdown of normal cellular barriers
  • therefore, deeper penetration of chemicals
48
Q

Why is acid burn to the eye less concerning?

A

Mainly superficial disease

  • coagulative necrosis occurs
  • this prevents further penetration of chemical beyond the cornea

Delta Formative Learning (5 decks)

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